Lei Kampeng, Wang Zhishi
Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Macau, Avn Do Ouvidor Arriaga, 46/48, Edf. Nga Lim, 13 And. (D) Macao, China.
J Environ Manage. 2008 Sep;88(4):831-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.009. Epub 2007 Jun 12.
Macao is a tourist city with a dense population, but is short on natural resources. Almost all of the life-support resources of the city depend on imports from outside. During the past 20 years, Macao has experienced an economic boom accompanied by rapid social development. The tourism industry (including gambling, hotel accommodation, restaurant dining, and shows) have become the city's main economic activity since 1991. This paper uses emergy flow analysis to investigate and characterize the urban evolution and city development that have occurred in Macao from 1983 to 2003. Macao's tourism industry has existed almost from the establishment of the city, with the legalization of gambling in Macao occurring in 1850. Tourism has become the biggest industry in Macao, contributing more than half of the city's revenues since 1995. The emergy flow related to tourism was tracked and analyzed to measure its contribution to Macao. In addition, we used statistical analysis to divide the various emergy-based indicators into three categories: positive, negative, and insensitive indicators.
澳门是一个人口密集的旅游城市，但自然资源匮乏。城市几乎所有的生活保障资源都依赖外部进口。在过去20年里，澳门经历了经济繁荣，社会也迅速发展。自1991年以来，旅游业（包括博彩、酒店住宿、餐饮和表演）已成为该市的主要经济活动。本文运用能值流分析方法，对1983年至2003年澳门城市演变和城市发展进行调查和特征描述。澳门的旅游业几乎从建城就已存在，1850年澳门博彩合法化。旅游业已成为澳门最大的产业，自1995年以来其收入占该市总收入的一半以上。对与旅游业相关的能值流进行跟踪和分析，以衡量其对澳门的贡献。此外，我们运用统计分析将各种基于能值的指标分为三类：正向指标、负向指标和不敏感指标。
