Nolen-Hoeksema S
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305.
J Abnorm Psychol. 1991 Nov;100(4):569-82. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.100.4.569.
I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.
我认为人们对自身抑郁症状的反应方式会影响这些症状的持续时间。对抑郁进行反复思考的人，专注于自身症状以及症状可能的成因和后果，与采取行动分散自己对症状注意力的人相比，会表现出更长时间的抑郁。反复思考的反应会延长抑郁，因为它们会让抑郁情绪对思维产生负面偏见，并干扰工具性行动和问题解决。直接检验这一理论的实验室研究和实地研究都支持了其预测。我将讨论反应方式如何解释女性比男性更易患抑郁症的原因。然后我将这种反应方式理论与应对离散事件的研究相结合。将反应方式理论与其他关于抑郁持续时间的理论进行比较。最后，我提出可能有助于抑郁者停止反复思考反应的方法，以及抑郁反应方式可能是如何形成的。
