Needham D R, Begg I M
Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Mem Cognit. 1991 Nov;19(6):543-57. doi: 10.3758/bf03197150.
Spontaneous analogical transfer is the use of information from one problem to solve another problem, without an explicit hint to use the previous information. The results of five experiments were that if subjects tried to solve a training problem before hearing its solution, or tried to explain a training story's solution before hearing the correct explanation, spontaneous transfer was more likely than it was if subjects had studied the same training passage for memory before hearing its solution or explanation. The advantage of problem-oriented processing over memory-oriented processing occurred even though solution attempts nearly always failed, and the advantage was not reduced if the target problem was tested 15 min later rather than immediately after training. We propose that problem-oriented processes performed at study are appropriate processes to use at test. Further support for the account comes from subjects' memory for the training passages; the advantage for problem-oriented processing on solution tasks was mirrored by an equally substantial advantage for the memory-oriented subjects on a recall task.
自发类比迁移是指在没有明确提示使用先前信息的情况下，利用一个问题中的信息来解决另一个问题。五个实验的结果表明，如果受试者在听到训练问题的解决方案之前尝试解决该问题，或者在听到正确解释之前尝试解释训练故事的解决方案，那么自发迁移比受试者在听到解决方案或解释之前为记忆而学习相同的训练段落时更有可能发生。即使解决问题的尝试几乎总是失败，以问题为导向的处理方式相对于以记忆为导向的处理方式仍具有优势，并且如果在训练后15分钟而不是立即测试目标问题，这种优势也不会减弱。我们认为，在学习时进行的以问题为导向的过程是在测试时适用的过程。对这一观点的进一步支持来自受试者对训练段落的记忆；在解决问题任务中以问题为导向的处理方式的优势，在回忆任务中以记忆为导向的受试者也有同样显著的优势。
