Hostetter Autumn B, Penix Elizabeth A, Norman Mackenzie Z, Batsell W Robert, Carr Thomas H
1 Department of Psychology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
2 Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 Apr;72(4):858-871. doi: 10.1177/1747021818771928. Epub 2018 May 7.
Retrieval practice (e.g., testing) has been shown to facilitate long-term retention of information. In two experiments, we examine whether retrieval practice also facilitates use of the practised information when it is needed to solve analogous problems. When retrieval practice was not limited to the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 1), it improved memory for the information a week later compared with copying or rereading the information, although we found no evidence that it improved participants' ability to apply the information to the problems. In contrast, when retrieval practice was limited to only the information most relevant to the problems (Experiment 2), we found that retrieval practice enhanced memory for the critical information, the ability to identify the schematic similarities between the two sources of information, and the ability to apply that information to solve an analogous problem after a hint was given to do so. These results suggest that retrieval practice, through its effect on memory, can facilitate application of information to solve novel problems but has minimal effects on spontaneous realisation that the information is relevant.
检索练习（例如测试）已被证明有助于长期保留信息。在两项实验中，我们研究了检索练习在需要解决类似问题时是否也有助于所练习信息的运用。当检索练习不限于与问题最相关的信息时（实验1），与抄写或重读信息相比，一周后它改善了对信息的记忆，尽管我们没有发现它提高了参与者将信息应用于问题的能力的证据。相比之下，当检索练习仅限于与问题最相关的信息时（实验2），我们发现检索练习增强了对关键信息的记忆、识别两种信息来源之间模式相似性的能力，以及在得到提示后将该信息应用于解决类似问题的能力。这些结果表明，检索练习通过对记忆的影响，可以促进信息的应用以解决新问题，但对自发认识到信息相关性的影响最小。
