Dix Theodore, Stewart Amanda D, Gershoff Elizabeth T, Day William H
Department of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA.
Child Dev. 2007 Jul-Aug;78(4):1204-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01061.x.
This study examined reactions of 1-year-olds and young 2-year-olds to being controlled by mothers. Mothers' supportive behavior predicted children's willing compliance. However, contrary to research with older children, defiance was also associated with variables linked to maternal competence, specifically, mothers' supportive behavior, autonomy-granting controls, and low depressive symptoms. At this age high-defiant children initiated positive interaction with mothers more than did low-defiant children. With age, children displayed more willing compliance and more active resistance (defiance, low passivity). However, developmental increases in active resistance were absent when mothers were high in depressive symptoms. Findings are consistent with the proposal that in early development active resistance to parents often reflects children's motivation to control events, not poor parenting or strained parent-child relationships.
本研究考察了1岁和2岁幼儿对母亲控制的反应。母亲的支持行为预示着孩子愿意顺从。然而，与对年龄较大儿童的研究相反，反抗也与与母亲能力相关的变量有关，具体而言，母亲的支持行为、给予自主权的控制以及低抑郁症状。在这个年龄段，高反抗性的孩子比低反抗性的孩子更频繁地发起与母亲的积极互动。随着年龄增长，孩子表现出更多愿意顺从和更多积极抵抗（反抗、低被动性）。然而，当母亲抑郁症状严重时，积极抵抗不会随着孩子成长而增加。研究结果与以下观点一致：在早期发育中，对父母的积极抵抗往往反映了孩子控制事件的动机，而非不良养育方式或紧张的亲子关系。
