University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Oxford, United Kingdom.
University of Amsterdam, Research Institute of Child Development and Education & Research Priority Area YIELD, University of Amsterdam, NG Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2018 Oct 5;13(10):e0204929. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204929. eCollection 2018.
What are the parenting behaviors that shape child compliance? Most research on parent-child interactions relies on correlational research or evaluations of "package deal" interventions that manipulate many aspects of parenting at the same time. Neither approach allows for identifying the specific parenting behaviors that shape child compliance. To overcome this, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed available evidence on the effects of experimentally manipulated, discrete parenting behaviors-a niche in parent-child interaction research that contributes unique information on the specific parenting behaviors that shape child behavior.
We identified studies by systematically searching databases and through contacting experts. Nineteen studies (75 effect sizes) on four discrete parenting behaviors were included: praise, verbal reprimands, time-out, and ignore. In multilevel models, we tested for each parenting behavior whether it increased child compliance, including both observed and parent-reported measures of child compliance.
Providing "time-out" for noncompliance robustly increased both observed and parent-reported child compliance (ds = 0.84-1.72; 95% CI 0.30 to 2.54). The same holds for briefly ignoring the child after non-compliance (ds = 0.36-1.77; 95% CI 0.04 to 2.90). When observed and parent-reported outcomes were combined, but not when they were examined separately, verbal reprimands also increased child compliance (d = 0.72; 95% CI 0.26 to 1.19). Praise did not increase child compliance (ds = -0.27-1.19; 95% CI -2.04 to 1.59).
Our findings suggest that of the discrete parenting behaviors that are experimentally studied in multiple trials, especially time-out and ignore, and to some extent verbal reprimands, shape child compliance.
哪些育儿行为塑造了孩子的顺从行为？大多数关于亲子互动的研究依赖于相关研究或“一揽子”干预措施的评估，这些研究同时操纵了育儿的许多方面。这两种方法都无法确定塑造孩子顺从的具体育儿行为。为了克服这一问题，我们系统地回顾和荟萃分析了现有关于实验操纵的离散育儿行为的证据——这是亲子互动研究中的一个利基领域，为塑造孩子行为的具体育儿行为提供了独特的信息。
我们通过系统地搜索数据库和联系专家来确定研究。纳入了四项离散育儿行为的 19 项研究（75 个效应量）：表扬、口头斥责、暂停和忽视。在多层次模型中，我们测试了每一种育儿行为是否会增加孩子的顺从，包括观察到的和父母报告的孩子顺从的测量结果。
对不遵守规定的行为给予“暂停”会显著提高观察到的和父母报告的孩子的顺从度（ds = 0.84-1.72；95%CI 0.30 至 2.54）。同样，在不遵守规定后短暂忽视孩子也会提高孩子的顺从度（ds = 0.36-1.77；95%CI 0.04 至 2.90）。当观察到的和父母报告的结果合并时，但当它们分别检查时，口头斥责也会增加孩子的顺从度（d = 0.72；95%CI 0.26 至 1.19）。表扬并没有提高孩子的顺从度（ds = -0.27-1.19；95%CI -2.04 至 1.59）。
我们的研究结果表明，在多项试验中进行实验研究的离散育儿行为中，尤其是暂停和忽视，在某种程度上还有口头斥责，塑造了孩子的顺从行为。
