Curwin Brian D, Hein Misty J, Sanderson Wayne T, Striley Cynthia, Heederik Dick, Kromhout Hans, Reynolds Stephen J, Alavanja Michael C
Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS R-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
Environ Res. 2007 Nov;105(3):307-15. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.06.001. Epub 2007 Jul 19.
Farm children have the potential to be exposed to pesticides. Biological monitoring is often employed to assess this exposure; however, the significance of the exposure is uncertain unless doses are estimated. In the spring and summer of 2001, 118 children (66 farm, 52 non-farm) of Iowa farm and non-farm households were recruited to participate in a study investigating potential take-home pesticide exposure. Each child provided an evening and morning urine sample at two visits spaced approximately 1 month apart, with the first sample collection taken within a few days after pesticide application. Estimated doses were calculated for atrazine, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, and glyphosate from urinary metabolite concentrations derived from the spot urine samples and compared to EPA reference doses. For all pesticides except glyphosate, the doses from farm children were higher than doses from the non-farm children. The difference was statistically significant for atrazine (p<0.0001) but only marginally significant for chlorpyrifos and metolachlor (p = 0.07 and 0.1, respectively). Among farm children, geometric mean doses were higher for children on farms where a particular pesticide was applied compared to farms where that pesticide was not applied for all pesticides except glyphosate; results were significant for atrazine (p = 0.030) and metolachlor (p = 0.042), and marginally significant for chlorpyrifos (p = 0.057). The highest estimated doses for atrazine, chlorpyrifos, metolachlor, and glyphosate were 0.085, 1.96, 3.16, and 0.34 microg/kg/day, respectively. None of the doses exceeded any of the EPA reference values for atrazine, metolachlor, and glyphosate; however, all of the doses for chlorpyrifos exceeded the EPA chronic population adjusted reference value. Doses were similar for male and female children. A trend of decreasing dose with increasing age was observed for chlorpyrifos.
农村儿童有可能接触到农药。生物监测常常被用于评估这种接触情况；然而，除非估算出剂量，否则这种接触的意义并不明确。在2001年春夏两季，爱荷华州农村和非农村家庭的118名儿童（66名农村儿童，52名非农村儿童）被招募来参与一项调查潜在带回家农药接触情况的研究。每个儿童在两次间隔约1个月的访视中分别提供一份晨尿和一份晚尿样本，第一次样本采集在农药施用后的几天内进行。根据即时尿样中的尿代谢物浓度计算出莠去津、异丙甲草胺、毒死蜱和草甘膦的估算剂量，并与美国环境保护局（EPA）的参考剂量进行比较。对于除草甘膦之外的所有农药，农村儿童的剂量高于非农村儿童。莠去津的差异具有统计学显著性（p<0.0001），但毒死蜱和异丙甲草胺的差异仅为边缘显著（分别为p = 0.07和0.1）。在农村儿童中，对于除草甘膦之外的所有农药，施用特定农药的农场儿童的几何平均剂量高于未施用该农药的农场儿童；莠去津（p = 0.030）和异丙甲草胺（p = 0.042）的结果具有显著性，毒死蜱的结果为边缘显著（p = 0.057）。莠去津、毒死蜱、异丙甲草胺和草甘膦的最高估算剂量分别为0.085、1.96、3.16和0.34微克/千克/天。对于莠去津、异丙甲草胺和草甘膦，没有任何剂量超过EPA的参考值；然而，所有毒死蜱的剂量都超过了EPA的慢性人群调整参考值。男童和女童的剂量相似。观察到毒死蜱的剂量随年龄增长呈下降趋势。
