Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Environ Int. 2023 Feb;172:107777. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107777. Epub 2023 Jan 25.
Residential use of pesticides has been associated with increased risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We evaluated determinants of glyphosate concentrations in house dust and estimated ALL risk in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS).
The CCLS is a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California. Among those < 8-years (no move since diagnosis/reference date), we collected dust (2001-2007) from the room where the child spent the most time while awake and measured > 40 pesticides. Three-to-eight years later, we collected a second sample from non-movers. We used Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry to measure glyphosate (µg/g dust) for 181 ALL cases and 225 controls and for 45 households with a second dust sample. We used multivariable Tobit regression to evaluate determinants of glyphosate concentrations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for ALL and quartiles of the concentration (first samples) using unconditional logistic regression. We computed the within- and between-home variance and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
Glyphosate was frequently detected (cases: 98 %; controls: 99 %). Higher concentrations were associated with occupational pesticide exposure, nearby agricultural use, treatment for lawn weeds and bees/wasps, and sampling season. Increasing concentrations were not associated with ALL risk (adjusted OR = 0.8, CI: 0.4-1.4). We observed similar null associations for boys and girls, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and among those who resided in their home since birth (76 cases/117 controls) or age two (130 cases/176 controls). The ICC was 0.32 indicating high within-home temporal variability during the years of our study.
We observed higher concentrations in homes associated with expected predictors of exposure but no association with childhood ALL risk. Due to continuing use, potential exposure to young children is high. It will be important to evaluate risk in future studies with multiple dust measurements or biomarkers of exposure.
住宅使用农药与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）风险增加有关。我们评估了房屋灰尘中草甘膦浓度的决定因素，并在加利福尼亚州儿童白血病研究（CCLS）中估计了 ALL 风险。
CCLS 是加利福尼亚州儿童白血病的一项基于人群的病例对照研究。对于那些<8 岁（自诊断/参考日期以来未搬家）的儿童，我们从孩子醒来时待时间最长的房间收集灰尘（2001-2007 年），并测量了>40 种农药。三到八年后，我们从未搬家的家庭中收集了第二份样本。我们使用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）测量了 181 例 ALL 病例和 225 例对照以及 45 户有第二份灰尘样本的家庭的草甘膦（µg/g 灰尘）。我们使用多变量 Tobit 回归来评估草甘膦浓度的决定因素。使用非条件逻辑回归计算 ALL 和浓度四分位数（第一份样本）的比值比（OR）和 95%置信区间（CI）。我们计算了家庭内和家庭间方差和组内相关系数（ICC）。
草甘膦经常被检测到（病例：98%；对照：99%）。较高的浓度与职业农药暴露、附近农业使用、草坪杂草和蜜蜂/黄蜂治疗以及采样季节有关。浓度增加与 ALL 风险无关（调整后的 OR=0.8，CI：0.4-1.4）。我们在男孩和女孩、西班牙裔和非西班牙裔白人以及自出生（76 例/117 例对照）或两岁（130 例/176 例对照）以来一直居住在自己家中的人群中观察到类似的无关联。ICC 为 0.32，表明在我们的研究期间，家庭内的时间变化性很高。
我们观察到与预期暴露预测因素相关的家庭中浓度较高，但与儿童 ALL 风险无关。由于持续使用，儿童接触潜在风险较高。在未来的研究中，评估多次灰尘测量或暴露生物标志物的风险将非常重要。
