Mueller Jochen F, Harden Fiona, Toms Leisa-Maree, Symons Robert, Fürst Peter
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane 4108, Queensland, Australia.
Chemosphere. 2008 Jan;70(4):712-20. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.037. Epub 2007 Aug 1.
Human milk has been used as a surrogate for the assessment of body burden and exposure to persistent lipophilic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). With the exception of restricted use of mirex, the use of persistent, lipophilic OCPs has been banned in Australia since the 1980s. The decline of human body burden of OCPs following their ban in many industrialised countries is well recorded worldwide from the 1970s until the 1990s though little is known on whether these trends are continuing. In this study, 157 human milk samples collected during 2002 and 2003 as well as 24 samples collected in 1993 were analysed as 20 regional pools for 17 OCPs. OCPs were detected in all pooled human milk samples from 2002/03 typically with highest concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) (mean+/-standard deviation; median concentration 311+/-174; 279 ng g(-1) lipid) followed by beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) (80+/-173; 21 ng g(-1) lipid). Other OCPs consistently detected included dieldrin (16+/-6; 17 ng g(-1) lipid), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (18+/-16; 14 ng g(-1) lipid), transnonachlor (11+/-5; 9 ng g(-1) lipid) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) (9+/-6; 7 ng g(-1) lipid). The results from this study indicated that following a substantial decline of OCP concentrations from the early 1980s to the 1990s, little decline could be observed since then. Furthermore the use of multivariate statistics indicated some regional trends with slightly higher levels of the broadly used insecticides DDT and HCH in both historic and recent samples from Melbourne, whereas, sample pools collected from mothers that lived in rural Queensland and New South Wales as well as Adelaide and Sydney showed comparatively higher levels of heptachlor and dieldrin - both of which have been used for termite treatment. These results indicate that even 20 years after the discontinuation of usage, historical use of OCPs rather than exposure via global transport of OCPs is responsible for continuous low exposure in Australia.
母乳已被用作评估人体负担以及持久性亲脂性有机氯农药（OCPs）暴露情况的替代物。除了灭蚁灵的使用受到限制外，自20世纪80年代以来，澳大利亚已禁止使用持久性亲脂性OCPs。20世纪70年代至90年代，许多工业化国家禁止使用OCPs后，全球范围内人体中OCPs负担的下降情况有详细记录，但对于这些趋势是否仍在持续却知之甚少。在本研究中，将2002年和2003年采集的157份母乳样本以及1993年采集的24份样本作为20个区域样本池，分析其中17种OCPs。在2002/03年所有合并的母乳样本中均检测到了OCPs，通常p,p'-二氯二苯二氯乙烯（p,p'-DDE）浓度最高（均值±标准差；中位数浓度为311±174；279 ng g⁻¹脂质），其次是β-六氯环己烷（β-HCH）（80±173；21 ng g⁻¹脂质）。其他持续检测到的OCPs包括狄氏剂（16±6；17 ng g⁻¹脂质）、六氯苯（HCB）（18±16；14 ng g⁻¹脂质）、反式九氯（11±5；9 ng g⁻¹脂质）和p,p'-二氯二苯三氯乙烷（p,p'-DDT）（9±6；7 ng g⁻¹脂质）。本研究结果表明，从20世纪80年代初到90年代OCPs浓度大幅下降之后，自那时起几乎没有观察到下降。此外，多元统计分析结果表明存在一些区域趋势，墨尔本历史和近期样本中广泛使用的杀虫剂DDT和HCH水平略高，而从居住在昆士兰农村和新南威尔士以及阿德莱德和悉尼的母亲那里采集的样本池中，七氯和狄氏剂的水平相对较高，这两种物质都曾用于白蚁防治。这些结果表明，即使在停止使用20年后，澳大利亚持续低水平暴露的原因是OCPs的历史使用，而非通过OCPs的全球传输造成的暴露。
