Cohen Deborah A, Schoeff Diane, Farley Thomas A, Bluthenthal Ricky, Scribner Richard, Overton Adrian
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
J Urban Health. 2007 Nov;84(6):807-13. doi: 10.1007/s11524-007-9219-x. Epub 2007 Aug 29.
Alcohol and food items can compromise or contribute to health, depending on the quantity and frequency with which they are consumed. How much people consume may be influenced by product availability and promotion in local retail stores. We developed and tested an observational tool to objectively measure in-store availability and promotion of alcoholic beverages and selected food items that have an impact on health. Trained observers visited 51 alcohol outlets in Los Angeles and southeastern Louisiana. Using a standardized instrument, two independent observations were conducted documenting the type of outlet, the availability and shelf space for alcoholic beverages and selected food items, the purchase price of standard brands, the placement of beer and malt liquor, and the amount of in-store alcohol advertising. Reliability of the instrument was excellent for measures of item availability, shelf space, and placement of malt liquor. Reliability was lower for alcohol advertising, beer placement, and items that measured the "least price" of apples and oranges. The average kappa was 0.87 for categorical items and the average intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.83 for continuous items. Overall, systematic observation of the availability and promotion of alcoholic beverages and food items was feasible, acceptable, and reliable. Measurement tools such as the one we evaluated should be useful in studies of the impact of availability of food and beverages on consumption and on health outcomes.
酒精和食品对健康的影响取决于其摄入量和摄入频率，既可能损害健康，也可能有益健康。人们的消费量可能会受到当地零售店商品供应情况和促销活动的影响。我们开发并测试了一种观察工具，用于客观衡量店内酒精饮料以及对健康有影响的特定食品的供应情况和促销活动。经过培训的观察员走访了洛杉矶和路易斯安那州东南部的51家酒类销售点。使用标准化工具进行了两次独立观察，记录销售点类型、酒精饮料和特定食品的供应情况及货架空间、标准品牌的购买价格、啤酒和麦芽酒的摆放位置以及店内酒精广告的数量。该工具在衡量商品供应情况、货架空间和麦芽酒摆放位置方面的可靠性极佳。在酒精广告、啤酒摆放位置以及衡量苹果和橙子“最低价格”的项目方面，可靠性较低。分类项目的平均卡帕值为0.87，连续项目的平均组内相关系数为0.83。总体而言，对酒精饮料和食品的供应情况及促销活动进行系统观察是可行、可接受且可靠的。我们所评估的这类测量工具在研究食品和饮料供应情况对消费及健康结果的影响方面应会很有用。
