Wade M J
Science. 1980 Nov 7;210(4470):665-7. doi: 10.1126/science.210.4470.665.
Change in gene frequency under kin selection is the sum of two components, namely, [See equation in the PDF file], a change in gene frequency caused by individual selection, and [See equation in the PDF file], a change caused by group selection. For the evolution of altruistic traits by kin selection, [See equation in the PDF file] is always negative-that is, individual selection operates against altruism-and [See equation in the PDF file] is always positive, so that selection between groups favors altruism. Hamilton's rule specifies the conditions under which [See equation in the PDF file]-that is, the conditions necessary for intergroup selection to override individual selection.
亲缘选择下基因频率的变化是两个组成部分的总和，即[见PDF文件中的公式]，由个体选择引起的基因频率变化，以及[见PDF文件中的公式]，由群体选择引起的变化。对于通过亲缘选择实现利他性状的进化，[见PDF文件中的公式]总是负的——也就是说，个体选择不利于利他行为——而[见PDF文件中的公式]总是正的，因此群体间选择有利于利他行为。汉密尔顿法则规定了[见PDF文件中的公式]的条件——即群体间选择超越个体选择所需的条件。
