Bale J S, van Lenteren J C, Bigler F
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Feb 27;363(1492):761-76. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2182.
The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost-benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1:250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1:2-1:5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a 'systems approach' to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.
利用生物防治手段来管理害虫的历史早于现代杀虫剂时代。生物防治的首次重大成功出现在利用从害虫原产国或地区收集的天敌物种来控制外来害虫（经典防治）方面。增殖性防治已成功应用于一系列田间和温室害虫，并且已经利用本地捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌制定了保护生物防治方案。经典生物防治的成本效益比非常可观（1:250），增殖性防治的成本效益比与杀虫剂类似（1:2至1:5），且开发成本低得多。在过去的120年里，在196个国家或岛屿针对节肢动物害虫进行了约2000种非本地防治剂的5000多次引进，环境问题极少。生物防治是综合害虫管理“系统方法”的关键组成部分，用于应对抗杀虫剂害虫、化学品停用以及尽量减少农药使用。目前的研究表明，转基因抗虫Bt作物可能对生物防治中使用的捕食性或寄生性天敌的活性或功能没有不利影响。引入合理的非本地防治剂环境风险评估方法是生物防治更广泛应用的关键一步，但未来的成功很大程度上取决于政府和相关组织加大研发投入，这些组织致力于减少对化学防治的依赖。
