Lewis W J, van Lenteren J C, Phatak S C, Tumlinson J H
Insect Biology and Population Management Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Nov 11;94(23):12243-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12243.
A fundamental shift to a total system approach for crop protection is urgently needed to resolve escalating economic and environmental consequences of combating agricultural pests. Pest management strategies have long been dominated by quests for "silver bullet" products to control pest outbreaks. However, managing undesired variables in ecosystems is similar to that for other systems, including the human body and social orders. Experience in these fields substantiates the fact that therapeutic interventions into any system are effective only for short term relief because these externalities are soon "neutralized" by countermoves within the system. Long term resolutions can be achieved only by restructuring and managing these systems in ways that maximize the array of "built-in" preventive strengths, with therapeutic tactics serving strictly as backups to these natural regulators. To date, we have failed to incorporate this basic principle into the mainstream of pest management science and continue to regress into a foot race with nature. In this report, we establish why a total system approach is essential as the guiding premise of pest management and provide arguments as to how earlier attempts for change and current mainstream initiatives generally fail to follow this principle. We then draw on emerging knowledge about multitrophic level interactions and other specific findings about management of ecosystems to propose a pivotal redirection of pest management strategies that would honor this principle and, thus, be sustainable. Finally, we discuss the potential immense benefits of such a central shift in pest management philosophy.
迫切需要从根本上转向采用全面系统的方法来进行作物保护，以解决防治农业害虫所带来的不断升级的经济和环境后果。长期以来，害虫管理策略一直以寻求控制害虫爆发的“万灵药”产品为主导。然而，管理生态系统中不受欢迎的变量与管理包括人体和社会秩序在内的其他系统类似。这些领域的经验证实了这样一个事实，即对任何系统的治疗性干预仅在短期内有效，因为这些外部因素很快就会被系统内的反作用“抵消”。只有通过以最大限度发挥一系列“内在”预防力量的方式来重组和管理这些系统，才能实现长期解决方案，治疗策略仅作为这些自然调节机制的严格后备手段。迄今为止，我们未能将这一基本原则纳入害虫管理科学的主流，而是继续在与自然的赛跑中倒退。在本报告中，我们阐述了为何全面系统的方法作为害虫管理的指导前提至关重要，并论证了早期的变革尝试和当前的主流举措为何普遍未能遵循这一原则。然后，我们借鉴关于多营养级相互作用的新知识以及关于生态系统管理的其他具体发现，提出害虫管理策略的关键转向，以遵循这一原则，从而实现可持续发展。最后，我们讨论了害虫管理理念这一核心转变可能带来的巨大益处。
