Uleman James S, Adil Saribay S, Gonzalez Celia M
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:329-60. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093707.
People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interplay; embodied cognition, including mimicry; and associative versus rule-based processes. Implicit knowledge includes adult folk theories, conditions of personhood, self-knowledge to simulate others, and cultural and social class differences. Implicit theories concern Bayesian networks, recent attribution research, and questions about the utility of the disposition-situation dichotomy. Developmental research provides new insights. Spontaneous social inferences include a growing array of phenomena, but they have been insufficiently linked to other phenomena and theories. We hope the links suggested in this review begin to remedy this.
人们在没有意图、意识或努力的情况下，即自发地进行社会推理。我们回顾了关于自发社会推理（尤其是特质、目标和原因）以及密切相关现象的最新研究结果。然后，我们描述了当前对一些最相关的过程、隐性知识和理论的思考。这些包括自动和受控过程及其相互作用；具身认知，包括模仿；以及联想与基于规则的过程。隐性知识包括成人的民间理论、人格条件、模拟他人的自我知识以及文化和社会阶层差异。隐性理论涉及贝叶斯网络、近期的归因研究以及关于性格 - 情境二分法效用的问题。发展研究提供了新的见解。自发社会推理包括越来越多的现象，但它们与其他现象和理论的联系还不够充分。我们希望本综述中提出的联系能开始弥补这一不足。
