Evans Jonathan St B T
Center for Thinking and Language, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:255-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629.
This article reviews a diverse set of proposals for dual processing in higher cognition within largely disconnected literatures in cognitive and social psychology. All these theories have in common the distinction between cognitive processes that are fast, automatic, and unconscious and those that are slow, deliberative, and conscious. A number of authors have recently suggested that there may be two architecturally (and evolutionarily) distinct cognitive systems underlying these dual-process accounts. However, it emerges that (a) there are multiple kinds of implicit processes described by different theorists and (b) not all of the proposed attributes of the two kinds of processing can be sensibly mapped on to two systems as currently conceived. It is suggested that while some dual-process theories are concerned with parallel competing processes involving explicit and implicit knowledge systems, others are concerned with the influence of preconscious processes that contextualize and shape deliberative reasoning and decision-making.
本文回顾了认知心理学和社会心理学中大量相互独立的文献中关于高等认知中双重加工的一系列不同提议。所有这些理论的共同之处在于，区分了快速、自动且无意识的认知过程与缓慢、审慎且有意识的认知过程。最近，一些作者提出，在这些双重加工理论背后可能存在两个在结构上（以及进化上）截然不同的认知系统。然而，结果表明：（a）不同理论家描述了多种内隐过程；（b）目前所设想的两种加工的所有属性并非都能合理地映射到两个系统上。有人认为，虽然一些双重加工理论关注涉及显性和隐性知识系统的并行竞争过程，但另一些理论关注的是为审慎推理和决策提供背景并塑造其过程的前意识过程的影响。
