Eisenberg N, Fabes R A, Schaller M, Carlo G, Miller P A
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
Child Dev. 1991 Dec;62(6):1393-408.
We examined the relation of parental empathy-related characteristics and emotion-related child-rearing practices to third and sixth graders' vicarious emotional responding. Children's heart rate, skin conductance, facial, and self-reported reactions to a sympathy-inducing film were assessed, as were their dispositional sympathy, empathy, and self-monitoring. Parental sympathy was positively related to low levels of personal distress in same-sex children and, for both parents, with sons' dispositional sympathy or empathy. Parental emphasis on problem-focused coping strategies when their sons were anxious was positively correlated with indexes of sons' situational and dispositional sympathy. Same-sex parental restrictiveness in regard to the control of inappropriate, hurtful emotional displays was associated with sons' and daughters' dispositional and situational sympathy, whereas maternal restrictiveness in regard to emotions that are unlikely to hurt others was correlated with nonverbal indexes of personal distress and self reports of low distress. Parental emphasis on control of the child's own negative emotion was associated with children's self-monitoring.
我们研究了父母与共情相关的特征以及与情绪相关的育儿方式与三年级和六年级学生替代性情绪反应之间的关系。评估了儿童观看引发同情的影片时的心率、皮肤电传导、面部表情以及自我报告的反应，还评估了他们的特质性同情、共情和自我监控能力。父母的同情与同性子女较低水平的个人痛苦呈正相关，对父母双方而言，与儿子的特质性同情或共情也呈正相关。当儿子焦虑时，父母强调以问题为中心的应对策略，这与儿子情境性和特质性同情指标呈正相关。同性父母在控制不适当、有害的情绪表达方面的限制与儿子和女儿的特质性和情境性同情有关，而母亲在控制不太可能伤害他人的情绪方面的限制与个人痛苦的非言语指标以及低痛苦的自我报告相关。父母强调控制孩子自身的负面情绪与孩子的自我监控有关。
