Graziano William G, Bruce Jennifer, Sheese Brad E, Tobin Renée M
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, IN 47907-2081, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007 Oct;93(4):565-82. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.565.
Unfavorable evaluations of others reflect both specific prejudice and generalized negativity. Study 1 examined self-reported norms and personal endorsement of prejudices to various social groups. Study 2 used judgments of overweight persons to examine links among prejudice, personality, and prosocial motives. Study 3 examined negative evaluations and social distancing during interpersonal interaction. Study 4 observed the translation of negative evaluations into overt discrimination. Study 5 experimentally manipulated the behavior of the target and observed its interactive effects with weight, personality, and prosocial motives. Results suggest that prejudice can emerge from otherwise unprejudiced persons when situations permit justification. Patterns in negative evaluations are linked distinctively to (a) the Big Five dimension of Agreeableness, (b) proximal social cognition and motives, and (c) discrimination.
对他人的负面评价既反映了特定的偏见,也反映了普遍的消极态度。研究1考察了自我报告的规范以及对不同社会群体偏见的个人认同。研究2通过对超重者的评判来考察偏见、个性和亲社会动机之间的联系。研究3考察了人际互动中的负面评价和社交距离。研究4观察了负面评价转化为公开歧视的过程。研究5通过实验操纵目标对象的行为,并观察其与体重、个性和亲社会动机的交互作用。结果表明,当情境允许进行合理化解释时,原本没有偏见的人也可能产生偏见。负面评价的模式与以下方面有独特的关联:(a)宜人性这一“大五”维度;(b)近期的社会认知和动机;(c)歧视。