Siemens J, Huschek G, Siebe C, Kaupenjohann M
Department of Soil Science, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Water Res. 2008 Apr;42(8-9):2124-34. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.019. Epub 2007 Nov 23.
Concentrations and retention of pharmaceutically active substances are crucial for assessing the environmental risk of medication of humans. We hypothesize that environmental introduction concentrations (EICs) of drugs in the Mexico City-Mezquital Valley wastewater irrigation system can be estimated using information on water consumption, sales data, and excretion rates. EICs of six acidic and five basic drugs were calculated and compared with concentrations measured in wastewater, irrigation water, soil drainage, and springs by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). EICs of trimethoprim, erythromycin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac in sewage equaled or exceeded the US FDA action limit of 1mug/L for detailed environmental risk assessment (ERA). Concentrations of clarithromycin, clindamycin, metoprolol, sulfasalazine, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil were smaller. Calculated EICs of all compounds except metoprolol and clarithromycin were comparable to measured concentrations if excretion rates were considered. Whereas concentrations of basic compounds with positive or neutral charges were effectively reduced during reservoir storage and soil passage, acidic, anionic compounds were hardly retained. Though realistic EICs can be predicted for most substances, large deviations between EICs and measured concentrations in the case of metoprolol illustrate that estimated concentrations cannot substitute for monitoring programs.
药物活性物质的浓度和留存情况对于评估人类用药的环境风险至关重要。我们推测，利用用水量、销售数据和排泄率等信息，可以估算墨西哥城-梅斯基塔尔山谷废水灌溉系统中药物的环境引入浓度（EIC）。通过液相色谱电喷雾电离串联质谱法（LC-ESI-MS/MS）计算了六种酸性药物和五种碱性药物的EIC，并将其与在废水、灌溉水、土壤排水和泉水中测得的浓度进行了比较。污水中甲氧苄啶、红霉素、萘普生、布洛芬和双氯芬酸的EIC达到或超过了美国食品药品监督管理局（US FDA）用于详细环境风险评估（ERA）的1μg/L行动限值。克拉霉素、克林霉素、美托洛尔、柳氮磺胺吡啶、苯扎贝特和吉非贝齐的浓度较低。如果考虑排泄率，除美托洛尔和克拉霉素外，所有化合物的计算EIC与测得浓度相当。带正电荷或中性电荷的碱性化合物在水库储存和土壤通过过程中浓度有效降低，而酸性阴离子化合物几乎不被留存。尽管可以预测大多数物质的实际EIC，但美托洛尔的EIC与测得浓度之间存在较大偏差，这表明估算浓度不能替代监测计划。
