Kuiper-Goodman T
Toxicological Evaluation Division, Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa.
IARC Sci Publ. 1991(115):307-20.
Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin that has been found to occur in foods of plant origin, in edible animal tissues and in human sera and tissues. The ability of ochratoxin A to move up the food chain is associated with its long half-life in certain edible animal species. In this presentation, approaches for the evaluation of the health risks due to the presence of ochratoxin A in food products are described. The major target for ochratoxin A toxicity in all mammalian species tested is the kidney, and endemic nephropathies affecting livestock as well as humans have been attributed to ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A is also teratogenic, and in the fetus the major target is the developing central nervous system. Recent studies have provided 'clear evidence' for the carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A in two rodent species. It was found to be non-mutagenic in various microbial and mammalian gene mutation assays, but weak genotoxic activity to mammalian cells was noted. In addition, ochratoxin A was found to suppress immune function. On the basis of a carcinogenicity study with ochratoxin A in rats, reported from the National Toxicology Program in the USA, the estimated tolerable daily intake of ochratoxin A in humans ranges from 1.5 to 5.7 ng/kg bw per day, depending on the method of extrapolation used. The worst-case estimate for daily exposure to ochratoxin A from the consumption of pork-based food products and cereal foods for young Canadian children, the highest consumption group on a body weight basis, is probably less than 1.5 ng/kg body weight per day (mean of eaters). In view of the toxic properties of ochratoxin A, it is recommended that exposure to this toxin be kept to a minimum.
赭曲霉毒素A是一种已在植物源性食品、可食用动物组织以及人体血清和组织中发现的霉菌毒素。赭曲霉毒素A在食物链中向上转移的能力与其在某些可食用动物物种中的长半衰期有关。在本报告中，描述了评估食品中存在赭曲霉毒素A所导致的健康风险的方法。在所有测试的哺乳动物物种中，赭曲霉毒素A毒性的主要靶器官是肾脏，影响家畜和人类的地方性肾病被认为归因于赭曲霉毒素A。赭曲霉毒素A也具有致畸性，在胎儿中主要靶器官是发育中的中枢神经系统。最近的研究为赭曲霉毒素A在两种啮齿动物物种中的致癌性提供了“明确证据”。在各种微生物和哺乳动物基因突变试验中发现它无致突变性，但注意到对哺乳动物细胞有微弱的基因毒性活性。此外，发现赭曲霉毒素A会抑制免疫功能。根据美国国家毒理学计划报告的一项关于赭曲霉毒素A对大鼠致癌性的研究，根据所使用的外推方法，估计人类每天可耐受的赭曲霉毒素A摄入量为1.5至5.7纳克/千克体重。以体重计，加拿大幼儿是食用猪肉类食品和谷类食品中赭曲霉毒素A最高的消费群体，其每天从这些食品中接触赭曲霉毒素A的最坏情况估计可能低于1.5纳克/千克体重（食用者的平均值）。鉴于赭曲霉毒素A的毒性特性，建议将接触这种毒素的量保持在最低水平。
