Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Toxins (Basel). 2010 Apr;2(4):399-416. doi: 10.3390/toxins2040399. Epub 2010 Mar 24.
The black spored fungi of the subgenera Circumdata, the section Nigri (=Aspergillus niger group) is reviewed relative to their production of mycotoxins and their effects on plants as pathogens. Molecular methods have revealed more than 18 cryptic species, of which several have been characterized as potential mycotoxin producers. Others are defined as benign relative to their ability to produce mycotoxins. However, these characterizations are based on in vitro culture and toxins production. Several can produce the ochratoxins that are toxic to livestock, poultry, and humans. The black aspergilli produce rots of grapes, maize, and numerous other fruits and grain and they are generally viewed as post-harvest pathogens. Data are review to suggest that black aspergilli, as so many others, are symptomless endophytes. These fungi and their mycotoxins contaminate several major grains, foodstuffs, and products made from them such as wine, and coffee. Evidence is presented that the black aspergilli are producers of other classes of mycotoxins such as the fumonisins, which are known carcinogenic and known prior investigations as being produced by the Fusarium species. Three species are identified in U.S. maize and peanuts as symptomless endophytes, which suggests the potential for concern as pathogens and as food safety hazards.
综述了子囊菌门 Circumdata 属下种和黑曲霉组（= 黑曲霉群）的黑孢霉，涉及它们产生真菌毒素及其作为植物病原菌的作用。分子方法揭示了 18 个以上的隐种，其中一些已被确定为潜在的真菌毒素生产者。其他的被定义为良性的，因为它们有能力产生真菌毒素。然而，这些特征是基于体外培养和毒素产生。其中一些可以产生对牲畜、家禽和人类有毒的赭曲霉毒素。黑曲霉会导致葡萄、玉米和许多其他水果和谷物腐烂，它们通常被视为收获后病原体。有数据表明，黑曲霉和许多其他真菌一样，是无症状的内生真菌。这些真菌及其真菌毒素污染了几种主要的谷物、食品以及由它们制成的产品，如葡萄酒和咖啡。有证据表明，黑曲霉是其他类别的真菌毒素的生产者，如伏马菌素，伏马菌素是已知的致癌物质，之前的研究表明它是由镰刀菌属产生的。在美国的玉米和花生中鉴定出三种作为无症状内生菌的物种，这表明它们作为病原体和食品安全危害的潜在风险。
