Jensen Peter Kjaer Mackie, Phuc Pham Duc, Knudsen Line Gram, Dalsgaard Anders, Konradsen Flemming
Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Building 16, Entrance I, P.O. Box 2099, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2008 Jul;211(3-4):432-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.08.011. Epub 2008 Feb 4.
The use of human excreta as fertiliser in agriculture is a common practice in parts of South East Asia benefiting production but at the same time a risk factor for increased helminth infections. This paper describes the hygienic handling of human excreta for use in agriculture in Central Vietnam from a practical farming perspective presenting the farmers perceived health risks and benefits of its use. Further, in the study findings are discussed relating to the new Vietnamese guidelines for the use of human excreta in agriculture to their implications on an on-farm context. A total of 471 households in five communes responded to a structured questionnaire. This survey was supplemented by focus group discussions, key informant interviews and participant observations. More than 90% of the surveyed households used their own excreta as fertiliser and a total of 94% composted the excreta before use, either inside or outside the latrine. However, due to the prevailing design of the latrine and the three annual cropping seasons, it was found that for a minimum of one cultivation season per year 74% of the households will have only 3-4 months for composting before the input is needed in production, which is short of the 6 months stipulated in the national guidelines. The community associated great benefits from using human excreta in agriculture, especially if composted, and did not associate risks with the use of composted excreta if it was dry and lacked odour. It is recommended that the guidelines be revised and attempts made to identify ways of reducing the time needed to ensure the die-off of helminth eggs, including the use of pH regulators, such as an increased use of lime in the latrines.
在东南亚部分地区，将人类排泄物用作农业肥料是一种常见做法，这有利于农业生产，但同时也是增加蠕虫感染的一个风险因素。本文从实际耕作的角度描述了越南中部农业用人类排泄物的卫生处理方法，介绍了农民对其使用所感知到的健康风险和益处。此外，还讨论了研究结果与越南关于农业用人类排泄物的新指南及其在农场环境中的影响之间的关系。五个公社的471户家庭对一份结构化问卷做出了回应。这项调查还辅以焦点小组讨论、关键 informant 访谈和参与观察。超过90% 的受访家庭使用自家的排泄物作为肥料，共有94% 的家庭在使用前对排泄物进行堆肥处理，无论是在厕所内还是厕所外。然而，由于厕所的普遍设计以及每年三个种植季节，发现每年至少有一个种植季节，74% 的家庭在生产需要投入之前只有3至4个月的时间进行堆肥，这短于国家指南规定的6个月。社区认为在农业中使用人类排泄物有很大益处，特别是经过堆肥处理的，如果堆肥后的排泄物干燥且无异味，社区并不认为使用它存在风险。建议修订指南，并尝试找出减少确保蠕虫卵死亡所需时间的方法，包括使用pH调节剂，如在厕所中增加石灰的使用量。
