Tracy Jessica L, Robins Richard W
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Mar;94(3):516-30. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.3.516.
The present research tests whether recognition for the nonverbal expression of pride generalizes across cultures. Study 1 provided the first evidence for cross-cultural recognition of pride, demonstrating that the expression generalizes across Italy and the United States. Study 2 found that the pride expression generalizes beyond Western cultures; individuals from a preliterate, highly isolated tribe in Burkina Faso, West Africa, reliably recognized pride, regardless of whether it was displayed by African or American targets. These Burkinabe participants were unlikely to have learned the pride expression through cross-cultural transmission, so their recognition suggests that pride may be a human universal. Studies 3 and 4 used drawn figures to systematically manipulate the ethnicity and gender of targets showing the expression, and demonstrated that pride recognition generalizes across male and female targets of African, Asian, and Caucasian descent. Discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for the universality of the pride expression.
本研究检验了对自豪的非语言表达的识别是否能在不同文化中得到普遍认可。研究1为自豪的跨文化识别提供了首个证据，表明这种表达在意大利和美国都能得到普遍认可。研究2发现自豪的表达并不局限于西方文化；来自西非布基纳法索一个未开化、高度与世隔绝部落的个体能够可靠地识别出自豪，无论这种表达是由非洲人还是美国人展示的。这些布基纳法索参与者不太可能通过跨文化传播习得自豪的表达，所以他们的识别表明自豪可能是人类共有的。研究3和研究4使用绘制的人物形象来系统地操控展示该表情的目标人物的种族和性别，并证明自豪识别在非洲、亚洲和高加索裔的男性和女性目标人物中都能得到普遍认可。讨论聚焦于这些发现对自豪表达普遍性所具有的意义。
