Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia.
Department of Psychology, University of Oregon.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2013 Feb;142(1):163-180. doi: 10.1037/a0028412. Epub 2012 May 7.
To test whether the pride expression is an implicit, reliably developing signal of high social status in humans, the authors conducted a series of experiments that measured implicit and explicit cognitive associations between pride displays and high-status concepts in two culturally disparate populations--North American undergraduates and Fijian villagers living in a traditional, small-scale society. In both groups, pride displays produced strong implicit associations with high status, despite Fijian social norms discouraging overt displays of pride. Also in both groups, implicit and explicit associations between emotion expressions and status were dissociated; despite the cross-cultural implicit association between pride displays and high status, happy displays were, cross-culturally, the more powerful status indicator at an explicit level, and among Fijians, happy and pride displays were equally strongly implicitly associated with status. Finally, a cultural difference emerged: Fijians viewed happy displays as more deserving of high status than did North Americans, both implicitly and explicitly. Together, these findings suggest that the display and recognition of pride may be part of a suite of adaptations for negotiating status relationships, but that the high-status message of pride is largely communicated through implicit cognitive processes.
为了测试自豪表情是否是人类高社会地位的一种隐含的、可靠发展的信号，作者进行了一系列实验，在两个文化迥异的人群中——北美大学生和生活在传统小规模社会中的斐济村民——测量了自豪表情与高地位概念之间的内隐和外显认知关联。在这两个群体中，尽管斐济的社会规范不鼓励公开表现出自豪，但自豪的表情还是产生了强烈的内隐与高地位的关联。此外，在这两个群体中，情绪表达与地位之间的内隐和外显关联是分离的；尽管自豪表情与高地位之间存在跨文化的内隐关联，但在显性层面上，快乐的表情是更有力的地位指标，而且在斐济人中，快乐和自豪的表情在隐性层面上与地位的关联同样强烈。最后，出现了一种文化差异：斐济人认为快乐的表情比北美人更值得拥有高地位，无论是在内隐还是外显层面上。总之，这些发现表明，自豪的表现和认知可能是协商地位关系的一系列适应的一部分，但自豪的高地位信息主要是通过内隐的认知过程来传达的。
