Astrup Arne, Dyerberg Jørn, Selleck Matthew, Stender Steen
Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Obes Rev. 2008 Mar;9 Suppl 1:48-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased substantially in the nutritional transition countries, and the health burden of obesity-related complications is growing. The introduction of fast-food chains and Westernized dietary habits providing meals with fast-food characteristics seems to be a marker of the increasing prevalence of obesity. The mechanisms involved are probably that the supply of foods is characterized by large portion sizes with a high energy density, and sugar-rich soft drinks. The high energy density of foods is partly brought about by a high dietary fat content, and it has been shown that even in a Chinese population the increase from about 15% to 20% in the proportion of calories from fat is sufficient to explain some weight gain in the population. In addition, fast food from major chains in most countries still contains unacceptably high levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids that have powerful biological effects, and contribute to type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. New evidence also suggests that a high intake of trans fat may produce abdominal obesity, an important factor in the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The optimal diet for the prevention of weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is fat-reduced, without any industrially produced trans fatty acids, fibre-rich, high in low energy density carbohydrates (fruit, vegetables and whole grain products) and with a restricted intake of energy-containing drinks.
在经历营养转型的国家，超重和肥胖的患病率也大幅上升，与肥胖相关并发症的健康负担日益加重。引入具有快餐特征的连锁快餐店和西化饮食习惯似乎是肥胖患病率上升的一个标志。其中涉及的机制可能是，所供应的食物具有高热量密度、大份包装的特点，以及富含糖分的软饮料。食物的高热量密度部分是由高脂肪含量造成的，而且有研究表明，即使在中国人群中，脂肪供能比例从约15%增加到20%就足以解释人群中的一些体重增加情况。此外，大多数国家主要连锁快餐店的快餐中，工业生产的反式脂肪酸含量仍然高得令人无法接受，这些反式脂肪酸具有强大的生物学效应，会导致2型糖尿病和冠状动脉疾病。新的证据还表明，高反式脂肪摄入量可能会导致腹部肥胖，这是代谢综合征、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的一个重要因素。预防体重增加、肥胖、代谢综合征和2型糖尿病的最佳饮食是减少脂肪摄入，不含任何工业生产的反式脂肪酸，富含纤维，以低能量密度碳水化合物（水果、蔬菜和全谷物产品）为主，且限制含能量饮料的摄入量。
