Elias S M, Hashim Z, Marjan Z M, Abdullah A S, Hashim J H
Environmental Health Unit, Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Asia Pac J Public Health. 2007;19(3):29-37. doi: 10.1177/101053950701900306.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the relationship between blood lead concentration and nutritional status among primary school children in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 225 Malay students, 113 male and 112 female, aged 6.3 to 9.8 were selected through a stratified random sampling method. The random blood samples were collected and blood lead concentration was measured by a Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The nutrient intake was determined by the 24-hour Dietary Recall method and Food Frequency Questionnaire. An anthropometric assessment was reported according to growth indices (z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height). The mean blood lead concentration was low (3.4 +/- 1.91 ug/dL) and was significantly different between gender. Only 14.7% of the respondents fulfilled the daily energy requirement. The protein and iron intakes were adequate for a majority of the children. However, 34.7% of the total children showed inadequate intake of calcium. The energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes were significantly different by gender, that is, males had better intake than females. Majority of respondents had normal mean z-score of growth indices. Ten percent of the respondents were underweight, 2.8% wasted and 5.4% stunted. Multiple linear regression showed inverse significant relationships between blood lead concentration with children's age (beta = -0.647, p < 0.001) and per capita income (beta = -0.001, p = 0.018). There were inverse significant relationships between blood lead concentration with children's age (beta = -0.877, p = 0.001) and calcium intake (beta = -0.011, p = 0.014) and positive significant relationship with weight-for-height (beta = 0.326, p = 0.041) among those with inadequate calcium intake. Among children with inadequate energy intake, children's age (beta = -0.621, p < 0.001), per capita income (beta = -0.001, p = 0.025) and protein intake (beta = -0.019, p = 0.027) were inversely and significantly related with blood lead concentration. In conclusion, nutritional status might affect the children's absorption of lead and further investigation is required for confirmation.
开展了一项横断面研究，以确定吉隆坡小学生血铅浓度与营养状况之间的关系。通过分层随机抽样方法，共选取了225名马来学生，年龄在6.3至9.8岁之间，其中113名男生，112名女生。采集随机血样，并用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测量血铅浓度。通过24小时膳食回顾法和食物频率问卷确定营养摄入量。根据生长指数（年龄别体重Z评分、年龄别身高Z评分和身高别体重Z评分）报告人体测量评估结果。血铅浓度均值较低（3.4±1.91微克/分升），且在性别之间存在显著差异。只有14.7%的受访者满足每日能量需求。大多数儿童的蛋白质和铁摄入量充足。然而，34.7%的儿童钙摄入量不足。能量、蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的摄入量在性别之间存在显著差异，即男性摄入量优于女性。大多数受访者生长指数的平均Z评分正常。10%的受访者体重不足，2.8%消瘦，5.4%发育迟缓。多元线性回归显示，血铅浓度与儿童年龄（β=-0.647，p<0.001）和人均收入（β=-0.001，p=0.018）之间存在显著负相关。在钙摄入不足的儿童中，血铅浓度与儿童年龄（β=-0.877，p=0.001）和钙摄入量（β=-0.011，p=0.014）之间存在显著负相关，与身高别体重之间存在显著正相关（β=0.326，p=0.041）。在能量摄入不足的儿童中，儿童年龄（β=-0.621，p<0.001）、人均收入（β=-0.001，p=0.025）和蛋白质摄入量（β=-0.019，p=0.027）与血铅浓度呈显著负相关。总之，营养状况可能影响儿童对铅的吸收，需要进一步调查以确认。
