Whelton Beverly J B
Department of Philosophy, Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling, WV 26003, USA.
Nurs Philos. 2008 Apr;9(2):77-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-769X.2008.00346.x.
The Aristotelian-Thomist philosopher holds that human intellectual knowledge is possible because of the order in the world and natural human capacities. It is the position of this paper that there is a shared human form or nature that unites all humanity as members of the same kind. Moral treatment is due to every human being because they are human, and is not based upon expression of abilities. Humans have substantial dynamic existence in the world, an existence which overflows in expressive relationships. As both patient and health professional are human, human nature forms the natural foundation of health care. This paper looks towards human nature for moral guidance. The therapeutic relationship is seen as a part of the interpersonal moral space formed by human relationality, which tends towards community - in this case, the healthcare system. The therapeutic relationship is also a source of moral responsibility, as illness makes the patient vulnerable, while knowledge and nursing capacities generate in the nurse a duty to care. Nursing theory serves to connect philosophical reflection and nursing practice. Imogene King's conceptual system and theory of Goal Attainment is the theory that follows from the perspective of human person being presented. This synthesis of philosophy and theory is developed with the goal of shedding light on healthcare decisions in palliative care. The article concludes with the acknowledgement that the complexity of contextualized individual decisions requires the insight and discipline of the moral practitioner, and provides some thoughts on how education, development, and refinement transform an individual into a nurse.
亚里士多德 - 托马斯主义哲学家认为，由于世界的秩序和人类的自然能力，人类的理智知识是可能的。本文的观点是，存在一种共同的人类形式或本质，它将全人类作为同一类的成员团结在一起。道德对待应给予每一个人，因为他们是人，而不是基于能力的表现。人类在世界上具有实质性的动态存在，这种存在在表达性的关系中得以展现。由于患者和医护人员都是人，人性构成了医疗保健的自然基础。本文从人性中寻求道德指引。治疗关系被视为人类关系性所形成的人际道德空间的一部分，这种关系性趋向于社群——在这种情况下，就是医疗保健系统。治疗关系也是道德责任的一个来源，因为疾病使患者变得脆弱，而知识和护理能力在护士身上产生了护理的义务。护理理论有助于将哲学思考与护理实践联系起来。伊莫金·金的概念系统和目标达成理论就是从所呈现的人的视角推导出来的理论。这种哲学与理论的综合发展旨在为姑息治疗中的医疗决策提供启示。文章最后承认，情境化的个体决策的复杂性需要道德从业者的洞察力和自律，并就教育、发展和完善如何将一个人转变为护士提供了一些思考。
