Amlinger Florian, Peyr Stefan, Cuhls Carsten
Compost - Consulting & Development, Perchtoldsdorf, Austria.
Waste Manag Res. 2008 Feb;26(1):47-60. doi: 10.1177/0734242X07088432.
In order to carry out life-cycle assessments as a basis for far-reaching decisions about environmentally sustainable waste treatment, it is important that the input data be reliable and sound. A comparison of the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with each solid waste treatment option is essential. This paper addresses GHG emissions from controlled composting processes. Some important methodological prerequisites for proper measurement and data interpretation are described, and a common scale and dimension of emission data are proposed so that data from different studies can be compared. A range of emission factors associated with home composting, open windrow composting, encapsulated composting systems with waste air treatment and mechanical biological waste treatment (MBT) are presented from our own investigations as well as from the literature. The composition of source materials along with process management issues such as aeration, mechanical agitation, moisture control and temperature regime are the most important factors controlling methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammoniac (NH3) emissions. If ammoniac is not stripped during the initial rotting phase or eliminated by acid scrubber systems, biofiltration of waste air provides only limited GHG mitigation, since additional N2O may be synthesized during the oxidation of NH3, and only a small amount of CH4 degradation occurs in the biofilter. It is estimated that composting contributes very little to national GHG inventories generating only 0.01-0.06% of global emissions. This analysis does not include emissions from preceding or post-treatment activities (such as collection, transport, energy consumption during processing and land spreading), so that for a full emissions account, emissions from these activities would need to be added to an analysis.
为了开展生命周期评估，作为对环境可持续性废物处理做出深远决策的基础，输入数据可靠且合理非常重要。比较每个固体废物处理选项相关的潜在温室气体（GHG）排放至关重要。本文探讨了受控堆肥过程中的温室气体排放。描述了正确测量和数据解释的一些重要方法学前提，并提出了排放数据的通用规模和维度，以便能够比较不同研究的数据。本文根据我们自己的调查以及文献，列出了一系列与家庭堆肥、露天条垛堆肥、带废气处理的封闭式堆肥系统和机械生物废物处理（MBT）相关的排放因子。原料组成以及曝气、机械搅拌、水分控制和温度状况等过程管理问题是控制甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）和氨（NH3）排放的最重要因素。如果在初始腐烂阶段氨未被去除或未被酸洗涤器系统消除，废气生物过滤对温室气体减排的作用有限，因为在NH3氧化过程中可能会合成额外的N2O，并且生物滤池中CH4的降解量很少。据估计，堆肥对国家温室气体清单的贡献非常小，仅占全球排放量的0.01 - 0.06%。该分析不包括预处理或后处理活动（如收集、运输、处理过程中的能源消耗和土地撒施）的排放，因此要进行全面的排放核算，需要将这些活动的排放纳入分析。
