Horwood Anna M, Riddell Patricia M
Infant Vision Laboratory, School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, UK.
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008 Mar;28(2):115-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00547.x.
A remote haploscopic photorefractor was used to assess objective binocular vergence and accommodation responses in 157 full-term healthy infants aged 1-6 months while fixating a brightly coloured target moving between fixation distances at 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.33 m. Vergence and accommodation response gain matured rapidly from 'flat' neonatal responses at an intercept of approximately 2 dioptres (D) for accommodation and 2.5 metre angles(MA) for vergence, reaching adult-like values at 4 months. Vergence gain was marginally higher in females (p = 0.064), but accommodation gain (p = 0.034) was higher and accommodative intercept closer to zero (p = 0.004) in males in the first 3 months as they relaxed accommodation more appropriately for distant targets. More females showed flat accommodation responses (p = 0.029). More males behaved hypermetropically in the first two months of life, but when these hypermetropic infants were excluded from the analysis, the gender difference remained. Gender differences disappeared after three months. Data showed variable responses and infants could behave appropriately and simultaneously on both, neither or only one measure at all ages. If accommodation was appropriate (gain between 0.7 and 1.3; r(2) > 0.7) but vergence was not, males over- and under-converged equally, while the females who accommodated appropriately were more likely to overconverge (p = 0.008). The apparent earlier maturity of the male accommodative responses may be due to refractive error differences but could also reflect gender-specific male preference for blur cues while females show earlier preference for disparity, which may underpin the earlier emerging, disparity dependent, stereopsis and full vergence found in females in other studies.
使用远程单眼间接检眼镜验光仪，对157名1至6个月大的足月健康婴儿进行评估，观察他们在注视一个颜色鲜艳的目标物时的客观双眼聚散和调节反应。该目标物在2米、1米、0.5米和0.33米的注视距离之间移动。聚散和调节反应增益从新生儿期的“平坦”反应迅速成熟，调节反应的截距约为2屈光度（D），聚散反应的截距为2.5米角（MA），在4个月时达到类似成人的值。女性的聚散增益略高（p = 0.064），但在最初3个月，男性的调节增益更高（p = 0.034），调节截距更接近零（p = 0.004），因为他们能更适当地放松对远处目标的调节。更多女性表现出平坦的调节反应（p = 0.029）。在出生后的头两个月，更多男性表现出远视，但将这些远视婴儿排除在分析之外时，性别差异仍然存在。3个月后性别差异消失。数据显示反应存在变异性，在所有年龄段，婴儿在两种测量、一种测量或两种测量都不表现上都可能表现得恰当或同时表现得不恰当。如果调节恰当（增益在0.7至1.3之间；r(2)>0.7）但聚散不恰当，男性过度和不足会聚的情况相同，而调节恰当的女性更可能过度会聚（p = 0.008）。男性调节反应明显更早成熟可能是由于屈光不正差异，但也可能反映出男性对模糊线索的性别特异性偏好，而女性则更早表现出对视差的偏好，这可能是其他研究中女性更早出现的、依赖视差的立体视觉和完全聚散反应的基础。
