Van Roosbroeck Sofie, Hoek Gerard, Meliefste Kees, Janssen Nicole A H, Brunekreef Bert
Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 801 78, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1337-44. doi: 10.1021/es0712827.
The validity of traffic intensity near the home as an estimate for the personal long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution in an adult population was tested. Personal and near-home outdoor exposure to PM2.5, soot, NO, NO2, and NOx was monitored four to five times during 48 h periods in older adults. A group of 23 participants lived in high traffic intensity streets (>10000 vehicles/(24 h)), and 22 lived in low traffic intensity streets. The relation between average personal exposure and traffic intensity at the residential address was explored by taking indoor sources into account. Large differences in the measured outdoor concentrations between locations in high traffic and low traffic intensity streets were found for soot (68%), NO (127%), and NOx (35%). Differences were smaller for PM2.5 (14%) and NO2 (22%). Slightly elevated ratios were found for personal exposure to soot (1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.30)when comparing adults living in high traffic intensity streets with adults living in low traffic intensity streets. For NO, increased personal exposure (1.16) was seen for the same comparison, but this difference failed to reach statistical significance (CI, 0.80-1.66). Traffic intensity on the street of residence predicted personal exposure to soot but not to PM2.5 or nitrogen oxides. Traffic intensity may not correlate well to personal exposure and accordingly substantial misclassification of exposure may occur when traffic intensity is used as an exposure indicator in epidemiological studies. Time spent in traffic and spending time outdoors were associated with increased personal exposure of soot and PM2.5, but not NOx.
对居住环境附近交通强度作为成年人群长期个人暴露于交通相关空气污染的估计指标的有效性进行了测试。在48小时内，对老年人的个人及居住环境附近室外空气中的PM2.5、烟尘、NO、NO2和NOx进行了4至5次监测。23名参与者居住在交通强度高的街道（>10000辆/(24小时)），22名居住在交通强度低的街道。通过考虑室内污染源，探讨了平均个人暴露与居住地址交通强度之间的关系。在交通强度高和低的街道位置之间，测得的室外浓度在烟尘（68%）、NO（127%）和NOx（35%）方面存在很大差异。PM2.5（14%）和NO2（22%）的差异较小。与居住在交通强度低的街道的成年人相比，居住在交通强度高的街道的成年人个人接触烟尘的比例略有升高（1.15；95%置信区间(CI)，1.01 - 1.30）。对于NO，相同比较下个人暴露增加（1.16），但这种差异未达到统计学显著性（CI，0.80 - 1.66）。居住街道的交通强度可预测个人对烟尘的暴露，但不能预测对PM2.5或氮氧化物的暴露。交通强度可能与个人暴露的相关性不佳，因此在流行病学研究中将交通强度用作暴露指标时，可能会出现大量暴露误分类的情况。在交通中花费的时间和在户外度过的时间与个人接触烟尘和PM2.5的增加有关，但与NOx无关。
