van Roosbroeck Sofie, Wichmann Janine, Janssen Nicole A H, Hoek Gerard, van Wijnen Joop H, Lebret Erik, Brunekreef Bert
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Sep 15;368(2-3):565-73. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.034. Epub 2006 May 2.
Several recent studies suggest an association between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and health. Most studies use indicators of exposure such as outdoor air pollution or traffic density on the street of residence. Little information is available about the validity of these measurements as an estimate of long-term personal exposure to traffic-related air pollution. In this pilot study, we assessed outdoor and personal exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children living in homes on streets with different degree of traffic intensity. The personal exposure of 14 children aged 9-12 years to 'soot', NO(x) (NO and NO(2)) was assessed in Amsterdam between March and June 2003. Each child's personal exposure was monitored during four repeated 48-h periods. Concurrently, in- and outdoor NO(x) measurements were carried out at the school and at the home of each participating child. Measurements were supplemented by a questionnaire on time activity patterns and possible indoor sources. Flow-controlled battery operated pumps in a made-to-fit backpack were used to sample personal exposure to 'soot', determined from the reflectance of PM(2.5) filters. Exposure to NO(x) was assessed using Ogawa passive samplers. Children living near busy roads were found to have a 35% higher personal exposure to 'soot' than children living at an urban background location, despite that all children attended the same school that was located away from busy roads. Smaller contrasts in personal exposure were found for NO (14%), NO(2) (15%) and NO(x) (14%). This finding supports the use of 'living near a busy road' as a measure of exposure in epidemiological studies on the effects of traffic-related air pollution in children.
最近的几项研究表明，长期暴露于与交通相关的空气污染与健康之间存在关联。大多数研究使用暴露指标，如室外空气污染或居住街道的交通密度。关于这些测量作为长期个人暴露于与交通相关的空气污染的估计值的有效性，几乎没有可用信息。在这项试点研究中，我们评估了居住在交通强度不同的街道上的儿童的室外和个人暴露于与交通相关的空气污染的情况。2003年3月至6月期间，在阿姆斯特丹对14名9至12岁儿童的个人暴露于“烟灰”、氮氧化物（一氧化氮和二氧化氮）的情况进行了评估。在四个重复的48小时期间对每个孩子的个人暴露情况进行监测。同时，在每个参与孩子的学校和家中进行室内和室外氮氧化物测量。测量还辅以关于时间活动模式和可能的室内来源的问卷。使用定制背包中流量控制的电池驱动泵对个人暴露于“烟灰”的情况进行采样，“烟灰”由PM(2.5)过滤器的反射率确定。使用小川被动采样器评估氮氧化物暴露情况。尽管所有孩子都就读于位于远离繁忙道路的同一所学校，但发现居住在繁忙道路附近的儿童的个人暴露于“烟灰”的情况比居住在城市背景位置的儿童高35%。在一氧化氮（14%）、二氧化氮（15%）和氮氧化物（14%）方面发现个人暴露的差异较小。这一发现支持在关于交通相关空气污染对儿童影响的流行病学研究中，使用“居住在繁忙道路附近”作为暴露的一种衡量方法。
