饮用硬水不能预防心血管疾病：来自英国地区心脏研究的新证据。

Hard drinking water does not protect against cardiovascular disease: new evidence from the British Regional Heart Study.

作者信息

Morris Richard W, Walker Mary, Lennon Lucy T, Shaper A Gerald, Whincup Peter H

机构信息

Department of Primary Care & Population Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

出版信息

Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Apr;15(2):185-9. doi: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f15fce.

DOI:10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f15fce

PMID:18391646

Abstract

BACKGROUND

It has been previously suggested that hard drinking water in general, and in particular high calcium and magnesium intake from drinking water, protect against cardiovascular disease.

DESIGN

Prospective study of men from 24 British towns, with widely differing levels of hardness in drinking water.

METHODS

A total of 7,735 men aged 40-59 years were recruited during 1978-1980. Estimates of town-level water hardness were available and tap water samples, taken from 947 participants who also answered a questionnaire about water consumption, were used to calculate individual calcium and magnesium intakes. Men were followed for incident of major coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, and CHD mortality for 25 years.

RESULTS

Water hardness varied from 0.27 to 5.28 mmol/l in the 24 towns. A weak inverse association was found between water hardness and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [hazard ratio (HR), 0.96 per two-fold increase, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91-1.01, P=0.08 after adjustment for age and seven established coronary risk factors]. No association was observed with CHD incidence (adjusted HR, 0.99, 95% CI, 0.94-1.04, P=0.62) or mortality (adjusted HR, 0.96, 95% CI, 0.90-1.02, P=0.18). Individual magnesium intake showed a positive, rather than an inverse, association with CHD incidence (adjusted HR, 1.10 per two-fold increase, 95% CI, 1.01-1.20, P=0.045); individual calcium intake was unrelated to CHD or CVD end points.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that neither high water hardness, nor high calcium or magnesium intake appreciably protect against CHD or CVD. Initiatives to add calcium and magnesium to desalinated water cannot be justified by these findings.

摘要

背景

此前有人提出，一般而言硬饮用水，尤其是饮用水中高钙和高镁的摄入，可预防心血管疾病。

设计

对来自英国24个城镇的男性进行前瞻性研究，这些城镇饮用水硬度差异很大。

方法

1978年至1980年期间共招募了7735名年龄在40至59岁之间的男性。有城镇层面水硬度的估计值，从947名参与者采集的自来水样本用于计算个体钙和镁的摄入量，这些参与者还回答了一份关于水消耗的问卷。对男性随访25年，观察主要冠心病（CHD）和中风的发病情况以及CHD死亡率。

结果

24个城镇的水硬度在0.27至5.28 mmol/l之间。发现水硬度与心血管疾病（CVD）发病率之间存在微弱的负相关[风险比（HR），每增加两倍为0.96，95%置信区间（CI），0.91 - 1.01，在调整年龄和七个已确定的冠心病风险因素后P = 0.08]。未观察到与CHD发病率（调整后HR，0.99，95% CI，0.94 - 1.04，P = 0.62）或死亡率（调整后HR，0.96，95% CI，0.90 - 1.02，P = 0.18）有关联。个体镁摄入量与CHD发病率呈正相关，而非负相关（调整后HR，每增加两倍为1.10，95% CI，1.01 - 1.20，P = 0.045）；个体钙摄入量与CHD或CVD终点无关。