Moghimani Minoo, Rahati Shiva, Sobhani Seyed Reza, Hashemi Mohammad, Afshari Asma
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran.
Food and Drug Administration Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran.
Health Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 4;8(3):e70376. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.70376. eCollection 2025 Mar.
It is believed that the presence of calcium, which is the cause of water hardness, has an inverse relationship with the occurrence of CVDs. However, the results of studies in this field are unclear due to high heterogeneity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate this hypothesis among members of the Mashhad Persian cohort in Mashhad, Iran.
A total of 618 individuals, aged 25 to 65, who were healthy or had cardiovascular diseases, were chosen. The participants' biological samples were obtained in the first stage, and measurements of their height, weight, waist, hips, and wrist circumference were made in the second stage. The final step involved having the individuals fill out questions about their health and diet. Additionally, logistic regression models, the -test, and the test were employed for data statistical analysis.
The amount of calcium carbonate in the water consumed by the non-cardiac and cardiac subjects was 159.40 ± 38.63 and 158.05 ± 38.63, respectively, which was not statistically significant ( = 0.683). Taking into consideration that water containing calcium carbonate in concentrations 120-180 mg/L is generally considered hard; the two groups drank hard water. Furthermore, the results of the logistic regression model test demonstrated that there is still no significant correlation between the prevalence of CVD and the levels of calcium carbonate ( = 0.651) and total hardness ( = 0.660) in drinking water, even after accounting for other CVD risk factors.
Consistent with prior studies, our article's findings demonstrated that there is no discernible correlation between the use of hard water consumption and the development of CVDs. However, several publications have also noted a significant correlation, mainly attributing it to the existence of magnesium ions. Therefore, further research can help give a definitive answer to this hypothesis.
人们认为，导致水硬度的钙的存在与心血管疾病（CVDs）的发生呈负相关。然而，由于高度异质性，该领域的研究结果尚不清楚。因此，本研究的目的是在伊朗马什哈德的马什哈德波斯队列成员中评估这一假设。
共选取了618名年龄在25至65岁之间、健康或患有心血管疾病的个体。第一阶段采集参与者的生物样本，第二阶段测量他们的身高、体重、腰围、臀围和腕围。最后一步是让个体填写关于他们健康和饮食的问题。此外，采用逻辑回归模型、t检验和F检验进行数据统计分析。
非心脏疾病和心脏疾病受试者饮用的水中碳酸钙含量分别为159.40±38.63和158.05±38.63，差异无统计学意义（P = 0.683）。考虑到碳酸钙浓度在120 - 180mg/L的水通常被认为是硬水；两组都饮用硬水。此外，逻辑回归模型检验结果表明，即使考虑了其他心血管疾病风险因素，心血管疾病的患病率与饮用水中碳酸钙水平（P = 0.651）和总硬度（P = 0.660）之间仍无显著相关性。
与先前的研究一致，我们文章的研究结果表明，饮用硬水与心血管疾病的发生之间没有明显的相关性。然而，也有几篇出版物指出存在显著相关性，主要归因于镁离子的存在。因此，进一步的研究有助于对这一假设给出明确的答案。
