Hautier L, Jansen J P, Mabon N, Schiffers B
Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological control and Plant genetic resources, Walloon Centre of Agricultural Research, Chemin de Liroux 2, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2007;72(2):99-107.
Selectivity of pesticides to beneficial arthropods is a key data for the implementation of IPM program. In the context of field vegetables crop, a set of 16 fungicides, 17 herbicides and 14 insecticides commonly used in Belgium were tested on 5 indicator species: the parasitic hymenoptera Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani-Perez) (Hym., Aphidiidae), the aphid foliage dwelling predators Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Col., Coccinellidae) and Episyrphus balteatus (Dipt., Syrphidae) and the ground-dwelling predators Aleochara bilineata (Col., Staphyllinidae) and Bembidion lampros (Col., Carabidae). Pesticides were tested according a testing scheme including a first assessment on inert substrate (glass plates for adults of A. rhopalosiphi, larvae of A. bipunctata and E. balteatus, sand on adults of A. bilineata and B. lampros) and, for product that were toxic, a second assessment on natural substrate (barley seedlings for A. rhopalosiphi, french bean plants for A. bipunctato and E. balteatus and two type of soil for 8. lampros and A. bilineato). The effects of the product were assessed on basis on mortality, except for A. bilineata (Onion fly pupae parasitism). According to the final results obtained at the end of this testing scheme, the product were listed in toxicity class: green list if effect < or =30%, yellow list 30% < effect < 60% and orange list 60% < effect < or =80%. Products with toxicity higher than 80% on plants or on soils, or that reduce parasitism more than 80% on soil were put in red list and are not recommended for IPM. Results showed that all fungicides and herbicides were included in the green list except tebuconazole and boscalid + pyraclostrobin that were labeled as yellow for A. bipunctata. In opposite, no foliar insecticide was totally selective for all beneficial tested. However some products are in green list for one or several species. Soil insecticides were all are very toxic for ground dwelling arthropods and classed in red list. All results obtained during this study and further upgrade will be available on www.cra.wallonie.be/selectivite. In conclusions, fungicides and herbicides tested are compatible with IPM programs. For foliar insecticides, some treatments can be used carefully according to the selectivity. But for soil insecticide treatments, their toxicity raise the question of their use in IPM programs in vegetables and the need of new compounds or development of alternative pest control programs.
农药对有益节肢动物的选择性是实施综合虫害管理计划的关键数据。在露地蔬菜作物种植环境中，对比利时常用的16种杀菌剂、17种除草剂和14种杀虫剂在5种指示物种上进行了测试：寄生性膜翅目昆虫麦长管蚜蚜茧蜂（De Stefani-Perez）（膜翅目，蚜茧蜂科）、栖息在叶片上的蚜虫捕食者二斑瓢虫（L.）（鞘翅目，瓢虫科）和黑带食蚜蝇（双翅目，食蚜蝇科）以及栖息在地面的捕食者双线隐翅虫（鞘翅目，隐翅虫科）和亮斑步甲（鞘翅目，步甲科）。根据测试方案对农药进行测试，该方案包括首先在惰性基质上进行评估（用于麦长管蚜蚜茧蜂成虫、二斑瓢虫幼虫和黑带食蚜蝇成虫的玻璃板，用于双线隐翅虫和亮斑步甲成虫的沙子），对于有毒的产品，然后在天然基质上进行第二次评估（用于麦长管蚜蚜茧蜂的大麦幼苗，用于二斑瓢虫和黑带食蚜蝇的菜豆植株，以及用于亮斑步甲和双线隐翅虫的两种土壤类型）。除双线隐翅虫（葱蝇蛹寄生率）外，根据死亡率评估产品的效果。根据该测试方案结束时获得的最终结果，将产品列入毒性类别：如果效果≤30%则列入绿色清单，30%＜效果＜60%则列入黄色清单，60%＜效果≤80%则列入橙色清单。对植物或土壤毒性高于80%，或对土壤寄生率降低超过80%的产品列入红色清单，不推荐用于综合虫害管理。结果表明，除戊唑醇和肟菌酯+吡唑醚菌酯对二斑瓢虫标记为黄色外，所有杀菌剂和除草剂都列入了绿色清单。相反，没有一种叶面杀虫剂对所有测试的有益生物都具有完全选择性。然而，一些产品对一种或几种物种列入了绿色清单。土壤杀虫剂对栖息在地面的节肢动物都具有很高的毒性，被列入红色清单。本研究期间获得的所有结果以及进一步更新将在www.cra.wallonie.be/selectivite上提供。总之，测试的杀菌剂和除草剂与综合虫害管理计划兼容。对于叶面杀虫剂，可以根据选择性谨慎使用一些处理方法。但对于土壤杀虫剂处理，其毒性引发了它们在蔬菜综合虫害管理计划中的使用问题，以及对新化合物的需求或替代害虫控制计划的开发。
