The psychological treatment of memory impairment: a review of empirical studies.

Memory impairment is a frequent effect of many different forms of brain dysfunction. Memory impairment is also a frequent focus of treatment interventions, and there have been many different treatment methods suggested. The suggested methods include direct retraining, the use of spared skills in compensating for the impairment (alternate functional systems), and the use of behavioral strategies to circumvent the manifest memory dysfunction (behavioral prosthetics). Unfortunately, there are very few studies comparing the various suggested treatment methods. The present paper evaluates the empirical evidence related to the treatment of memory dysfunction and suggests directions for future investigations. Although the evidence is not conclusive, it appears that some forms of treatment may be helpful in remediating certain types of memory impairment. An approach likely to be productive would include some consideration of the impaired neurological and psychological mechanisms responsible for the manifest memory deficit as well as a consideration of the etiology of the injury thought to be causally related to the memory deficit. As yet, there have been no rigorous empirical evaluations of these considerations.