Reilly T, Waterhouse J, Edwards B
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
Clin Ter. 2008 Mar-Apr;159(2):117-27.
Long-distance travel, for business or pleasure, is becoming increasingly common. Any long journey, whether by plane, road or rail, will be associated with "travel fatigue", the combined effects of a changed routine (particularly sleep loss and altered meals) and the general disruption caused by travel. Planning any trip well in advance will minimise many of these problems, but some factors are less easy to guard against; these include sitting in cramped and uncomfortable conditions and, with flights, the hypoxic environment in the cabin. After arrival at a destination in another country, there can be problems with language, altered food and different customs. If the flight has crossed the equator, then there is also likely to be a change in season and natural lighting, and if the flight has, additionally or alternatively, crossed several time zones, then there will also be the problem of "jet lag", caused by a transient dyssynchrony between the "body clock" and the new local time. The new environment might differ from the place of departure with regard to ambient temperature and humidity, altitude, natural lighting (and hence exposure to ultra-violet radiation) and pollution. In all cases, the traveller needs to be aware of these changes before setting off, so that appropriate preparations (different clothing, for example) can be made.
出于商务或休闲目的的长途旅行正变得越来越普遍。任何长途旅程,无论是乘飞机、汽车还是火车,都可能会出现“旅行疲劳”,这是日常习惯改变(尤其是睡眠不足和饮食变化)以及旅行造成的总体干扰共同作用的结果。提前做好旅行规划可以最大程度地减少许多此类问题,但有些因素则较难防范;这些因素包括坐在狭窄且不舒服的环境中,以及乘坐飞机时客舱内的缺氧环境。抵达另一个国家的目的地后,可能会出现语言、食物变化和习俗不同等问题。如果航班跨越了赤道,那么季节和自然光照也可能会发生变化,如果航班还额外或交替跨越了几个时区,那么还会出现“时差反应”问题,这是由“生物钟”与当地新时间之间的短暂不同步引起的。新环境在环境温度和湿度、海拔、自然光照(进而紫外线辐射暴露情况)以及污染方面可能与出发地不同。在所有情况下,旅行者出发前都需要了解这些变化,以便能够做好适当准备(例如携带不同的衣物)。