Peters Ruud J B, Beeltje Henry, van Delft Rob J
RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Group of Pesticides & Contaminants, Bornsesteeg 45, Wageningen, 6708 PD, The Netherlands.
J Environ Monit. 2008 Jun;10(6):760-9. doi: 10.1039/b805983g. Epub 2008 May 14.
The exposure to some chemicals can lead to hormone disrupting effects. Presently, much attention is focused on so-called xeno-estrogens, synthetic compounds that interact with hormone receptors causing a number of reactions that eventually lead to effects related to reproduction and development. The current study was initiated to investigate the presence of a number of such compounds in precipitation as a follow-up on a previous study in which pesticide concentrations in air and precipitation were determined. Rainwater samples were collected at about 50 locations in The Netherlands in a four week period. The samples were analysed for bisphenol-A, alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, phthalates, flame retardants and synthetic musk compounds. The results clearly indicated the presence of these compounds in precipitation. The concentrations ranged from the low ng l(-1) range for flame retardants to several thousands of ng l(-1) for the phthalates. Bisphenol-A was found in 30% of the samples in concentrations up to 130 ng l(-1), while alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates were found in virtually all locations in concentrations up to 920 ng l(-1) for the individual compounds. Phthalates were by far the most abundant xeno-estrogens in the precipitation samples and were found in every sample. Di-isodecyl phthalate was found in a surprisingly high concentration of almost 100 000 ng l(-1). Polybrominated flame retardants were found in the low ng l(-1) range and generally in less than 20% of the samples. Noticeable was the finding of hexabromocyclododecane, a replacement for the polybrominted diphenyl ethers at one location in a concentration of almost 2000 ng l(-1). Finally, as expected, synthetic musk compounds were detected in almost all samples. This is especially true for the polycyclic musks HHCB and AHTN. Nitro musks were found, but only on a few locations. Kriging techniques were used to calculate precipitation concentrations in between actual sampling locations to produce contour plots for a number of compounds. These plots clearly show located emission sources for a number of compounds such as bisphenol-A, nonylphenol ethoxylate, phthalates and AHTN. On the contrary, the results for HHCB and some phthalates indicated diffuse emission patterns, probably as the result of the use of consumer products containing these compounds.
接触某些化学物质会导致激素干扰效应。目前，人们的注意力主要集中在所谓的外源性雌激素上，即与激素受体相互作用的合成化合物，这些化合物会引发一系列反应，最终导致与生殖和发育相关的效应。本研究旨在调查降水中这些化合物的存在情况，作为对先前一项研究的后续跟进，在先前研究中测定了空气和降水中的农药浓度。在四周时间内，在荷兰约50个地点采集了雨水样本。对样本进行了双酚A、烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚、邻苯二甲酸盐、阻燃剂和合成麝香化合物的分析。结果清楚地表明这些化合物存在于降水中。浓度范围从阻燃剂的低纳克/升级别到邻苯二甲酸盐的数千纳克/升级别。在30%的样本中发现了双酚A，浓度高达130纳克/升，而烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚几乎在所有地点都有发现，个别化合物的浓度高达920纳克/升。邻苯二甲酸盐是降水中含量最为丰富的外源性雌激素，每个样本中都有发现。邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯的浓度惊人地高，几乎达到100000纳克/升。多溴阻燃剂的浓度处于低纳克/升级别，并且通常在不到20%的样本中被发现。值得注意的是，在一个地点发现了六溴环十二烷，它是多溴二苯醚的替代品，浓度几乎达到2000纳克/升。最后，正如预期的那样，几乎在所有样本中都检测到了合成麝香化合物。对于多环麝香HHCB和AHTN来说尤其如此。发现了硝基麝香，但仅在少数几个地点。使用克里金技术计算实际采样地点之间的降水浓度，以生成一些化合物的等值线图。这些图清楚地显示了双酚A、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚、邻苯二甲酸盐和AHTN等一些化合物的排放源位置。相反，HHCB和一些邻苯二甲酸盐的结果表明排放模式较为分散，这可能是由于使用了含有这些化合物的消费品所致。
