Fromme Hermann, Körner Wolfgang, Shahin Nabil, Wanner Antonia, Albrecht Michael, Boehmer Sigrun, Parlar Harun, Mayer Richard, Liebl Bernhard, Bolte Gabriele
Department of Environmental Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Environ Int. 2009 Nov;35(8):1125-35. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.003. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14-60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags. The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m(3) (median: 37.8 pg/m(3)) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels. The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2)ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations. Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.
多溴二苯醚（PBDE）被用作多种产品的阻燃剂。作为综合暴露评估调查（INES）的一部分，本研究旨在通过连续七天每天收集的重复饮食样本、室内空气和房屋灰尘测量，来描述德国成年人群的暴露情况。我们的研究对象包括27名女性和23名男性健康受试者，年龄在14至60岁之间，他们均居住在巴伐利亚南部的34户家庭中。在这34处住所中，使用玻璃纤维过滤器和聚氨酯泡沫对空气进行采样，并从用过的真空吸尘器袋中收集灰尘。六种四溴至七溴二苯醚同系物的每日膳食摄入量中位数（第95百分位数）为1.2 ng/kg体重（3.3 ng/kg体重）或67.8 ng/天（208 ng/天）（根据每个研究对象的7天中位数计算得出）。室内空气和灰尘中的浓度（三溴至十溴二苯醚同系物的累积读数）分别为8.2至477 pg/m³（中位数：37.8 pg/m³）和36.6至1580 ng/g（中位数：386 ng/g）。对于某些同系物，我们发现空气和灰尘水平之间存在显著相关性。四溴至六溴二苯醚同系物总读数的血液浓度中位数（第95百分位数）为5.6（13.2）ng/g脂质。未观察到显著的性别差异，但在年轻参与者中发现了更高的血液浓度。使用简化的毒物动力学模型根据暴露剂量预测体内负荷，得出的结果与测量的血液浓度处于同一数量级。基于这些测量结果并根据我们的暴露假设，我们估计四溴至七溴同系物的综合每日总摄入量平均（高）为1.2 ng/kg体重（2.5 ng/kg体重）。总体而言，我们的结果表明，至少在我们的研究人群中，膳食暴露是主要的摄入途径，占成年人群总摄入量的97%（平均摄入量）和95%（高摄入量）。
