逆转座子与其宿主之间的获取与给予
The take and give between retrotransposable elements and their hosts.
作者信息
Beauregard Arthur, Curcio M Joan, Belfort Marlene
机构信息
New York State Department of Health, Center for Medical Sciences, Albany, New York 12208, 12201-2002, USA.
出版信息
Annu Rev Genet. 2008;42:587-617. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091549.
Retrotransposons mobilize via RNA intermediates and usually carry with them the agent of their mobility, reverse transcriptase. Retrotransposons are streamlined, and therefore rely on host factors to proliferate. However, retrotransposons are exposed to cellular forces that block their paths. For this review, we have selected for our focus elements from among target-primed (TP) retrotransposons, also called non-LTR retrotransposons, and extrachromosomally-primed (EP) retrotransposons, also called LTR retrotransposons. The TP retrotransposons considered here are group II introns, LINEs and SINEs, whereas the EP elements considered are the Ty and Tf retrotransposons, with a brief comparison to retroviruses. Recurring themes for these elements, in hosts ranging from bacteria to humans, are tie-ins of the retrotransposons to RNA metabolism, DNA replication and repair, and cellular stress. Likewise, there are parallels among host-cell defenses to combat rampant retrotransposon spread. The interactions between the retrotransposon and the host, and their coevolution to balance the tension between retrotransposon proliferation and host survival, form the basis of this review.
逆转录转座子通过RNA中间体进行移动，并且通常携带着其移动的媒介——逆转录酶。逆转录转座子结构精简，因此依赖宿主因子进行增殖。然而，逆转录转座子会受到阻碍其移动的细胞力量的影响。在本综述中，我们重点关注了两类逆转录转座子：靶标引发（TP）逆转录转座子（也称为非长末端重复序列逆转录转座子）和染色体外引发（EP）逆转录转座子（也称为长末端重复序列逆转录转座子）。本文所讨论的TP逆转录转座子包括II类内含子、长散在核元件（LINE）和短散在核元件（SINE），而EP元件则包括Ty和Tf逆转录转座子，并与逆转录病毒进行了简要比较。在从细菌到人类的各种宿主中，这些元件反复出现的主题是它们与RNA代谢、DNA复制和修复以及细胞应激的关联。同样，宿主细胞对抗逆转录转座子猖獗传播的防御机制也存在相似之处。逆转录转座子与宿主之间的相互作用，以及它们为平衡逆转录转座子增殖与宿主生存之间的紧张关系而进行的共同进化，构成了本综述的基础。
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