Dal Maso Luigino, Bosetti Cristina, La Vecchia Carlo, Franceschi Silvia
Unità di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via F. Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy.
Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Feb;20(1):75-86. doi: 10.1007/s10552-008-9219-5. Epub 2008 Sep 3.
The present review summarizes epidemiological evidence on risk factors for thyroid cancer (TC), in particular, nutritional factors.
Searches of articles on the issue were conducted using MEDLINE.
Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly during childhood, is the best-established risk factor for TC. There is also a strong association with history of benign nodules/adenoma or goiter. Iodine deficiency may induce an increasing incidence of benign thyroid conditions, but very high iodine intake also affects thyroid function and, possibly, TC risk. Among dietary factors, fish-the major natural source of iodine in human diet-is not consistently related to TC risk. High intake of cruciferous vegetables shows a weak inverse association with TC. Among other food groups, vegetables other than cruciferous are the only food group showing a favorable effect on TC, with an approximate 20% reduction in risk for subjects with the highest consumption. No effect on TC risk of alcohol, coffee, or other food-groups/nutrients emerged. Height and weight at diagnosis show a moderate positive association with TC risk.
At present, the only recognized measures for reducing TC risk is to avoid ionizing radiation and iodine deficiency, particularly in childhood and young women, and to increase vegetable consumption.
本综述总结了甲状腺癌（TC）危险因素的流行病学证据，尤其是营养因素。
使用MEDLINE检索关于该问题的文章。
暴露于电离辐射，尤其是在儿童时期，是已明确的TC最主要危险因素。它还与良性结节/腺瘤或甲状腺肿病史密切相关。碘缺乏可能导致良性甲状腺疾病发病率增加，但碘摄入量过高也会影响甲状腺功能，并可能影响TC风险。在饮食因素中，鱼类——人类饮食中碘的主要天然来源——与TC风险的关系并不一致。十字花科蔬菜摄入量高与TC呈弱负相关。在其他食物类别中，除十字花科蔬菜外的其他蔬菜是唯一对TC有有利影响的食物类别，摄入量最高的人群风险降低约20%。未发现酒精、咖啡或其他食物类别/营养素对TC风险有影响。诊断时的身高和体重与TC风险呈中度正相关。
目前，降低TC风险的唯一公认措施是避免电离辐射和碘缺乏，尤其是在儿童期和年轻女性中，并增加蔬菜摄入量。
