Kim Sook Kyung, Lee Dong Hoon, Hong Jong-In, Yoon Juyoung
Division of Nano Science and Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University,11-1 Daehyon-Dong, Sodaemun-Ku, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
Acc Chem Res. 2009 Jan 20;42(1):23-31. doi: 10.1021/ar800003f.
The selective detection of the anion pyrophosphate (PPi) is a major research focus. PPi is a biologically important target because it is the product of ATP hydrolysis under cellular conditions, and because it is involved in DNA replication catalyzed by DNA polymerase, its detection is being investigated as a real-time DNA sequencing method. In addition, within the past decade, the ability to detect PPi has become important in cancer research. In general, the sensing of anions in aqueous solution requires a strong affinity for anions in water as well as the ability to convert anion recognition into a fluorescent or colorimetric signal. Among the variety of methods for detecting PPi, fluorescent chemosensors and colorimetric sensors for PPi have attracted considerable attention during the past 10 years. Compared with the recognition of metal ions, it is much more challenging to selectively recognize anions in an aqueous system due to the strong hydration effects of anions. Consequently, the design of PPi sensors requires the following: an understanding of the molecular recognition between PPi and the binding sites, the desired solubility in aqueous solutions, the communicating and signaling mechanism, and most importantly, selectivity for PPi over other anions such as AMP and ADP, and particularly phosphate and ATP. This Account classifies chemosensors for PPi according to topological and structural characteristics. Types of chemosensors investigated and reported in this study include those that contain metal ion complexes, metal complexes combined with excimers, those that function with a displacement approach, and those based on hydrogen-bonding interaction. Thus far, the utilization of a metal ion complex as a binding site for PPi has been the most successful strategy. The strong binding affinity between metal ions and PPi allows the detection of PPi in a 100% aqueous solution. We have demonstrated that carefully designed receptors can distinguish between PPi and ATP based on their different total anionic charge densities. We have also demonstrated that a PPi metal ion complex sensor has a bioanalytical application. This sensor can be used in a simple and quick, one-step, homogeneous phase detection method in order to confirm DNA amplification after polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
阴离子焦磷酸（PPi）的选择性检测是一个主要的研究重点。PPi是一个具有生物学重要性的靶点，因为它是细胞条件下ATP水解的产物，并且由于它参与了DNA聚合酶催化的DNA复制，其检测正作为一种实时DNA测序方法进行研究。此外，在过去十年中，检测PPi的能力在癌症研究中变得很重要。一般来说，在水溶液中检测阴离子需要对水中的阴离子有很强的亲和力，以及将阴离子识别转化为荧光或比色信号的能力。在检测PPi的各种方法中，用于PPi的荧光化学传感器和比色传感器在过去10年中引起了相当大的关注。与金属离子的识别相比，由于阴离子的强水合作用，在水体系中选择性识别阴离子更具挑战性。因此，PPi传感器的设计需要以下几点：了解PPi与结合位点之间的分子识别、在水溶液中的理想溶解度、通信和信号传导机制，以及最重要的是，对PPi相对于其他阴离子（如AMP和ADP，特别是磷酸盐和ATP）的选择性。本综述根据拓扑和结构特征对PPi的化学传感器进行分类。本研究中研究和报道的化学传感器类型包括那些含有金属离子配合物、与准分子结合的金属配合物、采用置换方法起作用的那些以及基于氢键相互作用的那些。到目前为止，利用金属离子配合物作为PPi的结合位点是最成功的策略。金属离子与PPi之间的强结合亲和力使得能够在100%的水溶液中检测PPi。我们已经证明，精心设计的受体可以根据PPi和ATP不同的总阴离子电荷密度来区分它们。我们还证明了PPi金属离子配合物传感器具有生物分析应用。这种传感器可用于一种简单快速的一步均相检测方法，以确认聚合酶链反应（PCR）后的DNA扩增。
