Chen Lung Chi, Lippmann Morton
Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
Inhal Toxicol. 2009 Jan;21(1):1-31. doi: 10.1080/08958370802105405.
We review literature providing insights on health-related effects caused by inhalation of ambient air particulate matter (PM) containing metals, emphasizing effects associated with in vivo exposures at or near contemporary atmospheric concentrations. Inhalation of much higher concentrations, and high-level exposures via intratracheal (IT) instillation that inform mechanistic processes, are also reviewed. The most informative studies of effects at realistic exposure levels, in terms of identifying influential individual PM components or source-related mixtures, have been based on (1) human and laboratory animal exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), and (2) human population studies for which both health-related effects were observed and PM composition data were available for multipollutant regression analyses or source apportionment. Such studies have implicated residual oil fly ash (ROFA) as the most toxic source-related mixture, and Ni and V, which are characteristic tracers of ROFA, as particularly influential components in terms of acute cardiac function changes and excess short-term mortality. There is evidence that other metals within ambient air PM, such as Pb and Zn, also affect human health. Most evidence now available is based on the use of ambient air PM components concentration data, rather than actual exposures, to determine significant associations and/or effects coefficients. Therefore, considerable uncertainties about causality are associated with exposure misclassification and measurement errors. As more PM speciation data and more refined modeling techniques become available, and as more CAPs studies involving PM component analyses are performed, the roles of specific metals and other components within PM will become clearer.
我们回顾了相关文献，这些文献对吸入含金属的环境空气颗粒物（PM）所导致的健康相关影响提供了见解，重点关注与当代大气浓度或接近当代大气浓度的体内暴露相关的影响。我们还回顾了吸入更高浓度颗粒物以及通过气管内（IT）滴注进行的高剂量暴露研究，这些研究为作用机制提供了信息。就识别有影响力的单个PM成分或与来源相关的混合物而言，关于实际暴露水平下影响的最具参考价值的研究基于以下两点：（1）人类和实验动物对浓缩环境颗粒物（CAPs）的暴露；（2）对健康相关影响进行了观察且有PM成分数据可用于多污染物回归分析或源解析的人群研究。此类研究表明，残留油飞灰（ROFA）是毒性最大的与来源相关的混合物，而作为ROFA特征性示踪物的镍（Ni）和钒（V），在急性心功能变化和短期超额死亡率方面是特别有影响力的成分。有证据表明，环境空气中PM中的其他金属，如铅（Pb）和锌（Zn），也会影响人类健康。目前可得的大多数证据是基于使用环境空气PM成分浓度数据而非实际暴露情况来确定显著关联和/或效应系数。因此，因果关系存在相当大的不确定性，这与暴露错误分类和测量误差有关。随着更多的PM成分数据和更精细的建模技术问世，以及更多涉及PM成分分析的CAPs研究得以开展，PM中特定金属和其他成分的作用将变得更加清晰。
