Hofmann Wilhelm, Gschwendner Tobias, Friese Malte, Wiers Reinout W, Schmitt Manfred
Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Oct;95(4):962-77. doi: 10.1037/a0012705.
In the present research, the authors investigated how individual differences in working memory capacity moderate the relative influence of automatic versus controlled precursors on self-regulatory behavior. In 2 studies, on sexual interest behavior (Study 1) and the consumption of tempting food (Study 2), automatic attitudes toward the temptation of interest had a stronger influence on behavior for individuals who scored low rather than high in working memory capacity. Analogous results emerged in Study 3 on anger expression in a provoking situation when a measure of the automatic personality trait of angriness was employed. Conversely, controlled dispositions such as explicit attitudes (Study 1) and self-regulatory goals (Studies 2 and 3) were more effective in guiding behavior for participants who scored high rather than low in working memory capacity. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of working memory capacity for everyday self-regulation and suggest an individual differences perspective on dual-process or dual-system theories of human behavior.
在本研究中，作者调查了工作记忆容量的个体差异如何调节自动与受控前体对自我调节行为的相对影响。在两项研究中，一项关于性兴趣行为（研究1），另一项关于诱人食物的消费（研究2），对于工作记忆容量得分低而非高的个体，对感兴趣诱惑的自动态度对行为的影响更强。当采用愤怒这一自动人格特质的测量方法时，在研究3中关于挑衅情境下的愤怒表达也出现了类似结果。相反，对于工作记忆容量得分高而非低的参与者，诸如明确态度（研究1）和自我调节目标（研究2和3）等受控倾向在指导行为方面更有效。综上所述，这些结果证明了工作记忆容量对日常自我调节的重要性，并提出了关于人类行为的双过程或双系统理论的个体差异观点。
