Determining the mode of inheritance of pesticide resistance with backcross experiments.

The most widely used method for evaluating the mode of inheritance of pesticide resistance is based on bioassays of individuals from a backcross between F1 (hybrid of resistant and susceptible strains) and parental resistant or susceptible strains. Monte Carlo simulations of the standard backcross method showed that the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis of monogenic inheritance (Type I error) was generally more than double the conventional value of P = 0.05. Conversely, the null hypothesis of monogenic inheritance was likely to be accepted in a relatively large proportion of cases in which resistance is controlled by two or more loci. Expected differences in mortality of backcross offspring between monogenic and additive polygenic models approached zero as dose approached extremely low values, extremely high values, and the LD50 of the backcross generation. Thus, the effectiveness of the backcross method depended strongly on dose. The power of the standard backcross method to correctly reject the null hypothesis of monogenic inheritance increased as number of loci, slope of parental dose-mortality lines, magnitude of resistance, and sample size increased. Guidelines for improving the design and interpretation of backcross experiments are presented.