Shanks D R, Dickinson A
MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England.
Mem Cognit. 1991 Jul;19(4):353-60. doi: 10.3758/bf03197139.
The intentional theory of instrumental performance proposes that performance of an action is determined in part by a belief about its causal effectiveness in producing a desired outcome. At variance with this notion, previous implicit learning experiments appear to have yielded dissociations between subjects' performance and beliefs. In two experiments, subjects were given an opportunity to perform an action--pressing a key on a computer keyboard--which was associated with an outcome on the computer screen according to a free-operant contingency. The subjects in one group were asked to judge the effectiveness of the action in causing the outcome, while those in a second group were asked to maximize their points score under a payoff schedule. In the first study, the effect of varying the contingency between the action and outcome was examined by keeping the probability of an outcome contiguous with an action constant and varying the probability of an outcome in the absence of an action. Performance and judgments showed a comparable sensitivity to variations of the instrumental contingency. In the second study, the delay between the action and the resultant outcome was varied. Increasing the action-outcome delay from 0 sec up to 4 sec produced a systematic decline in both causal judgments and performance relative to noncontingent, control conditions. These results are in accord with the intentional theory of performance, but they present difficulties for the notion of implicit learning.
工具性表现的意向性理论提出，一个动作的表现部分取决于对其产生预期结果的因果效力的信念。与这一概念不同的是，以往的内隐学习实验似乎在受试者的表现和信念之间产生了分离。在两项实验中，受试者有机会执行一个动作——按下电脑键盘上的一个键——根据自由操作的偶然性，该动作与电脑屏幕上的一个结果相关联。一组受试者被要求判断该动作导致结果的有效性，而另一组受试者则被要求在一个报酬计划下最大化他们的得分。在第一项研究中，通过保持与动作相邻的结果的概率不变，改变无动作时结果的概率，来检验改变动作与结果之间的偶然性的效果。表现和判断对工具性偶然性的变化表现出相当的敏感性。在第二项研究中，改变了动作与最终结果之间的延迟。将动作-结果延迟从0秒增加到4秒，相对于非偶然性的控制条件，因果判断和表现都出现了系统性的下降。这些结果与表现的意向性理论一致，但它们给内隐学习的概念带来了困难。
