Allan Ian J, Vrana Branislav, Greenwood Richard, Mills Graham A, Roig Benoit, Gonzalez Catherine
School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, UK.
Talanta. 2006 Apr 15;69(2):302-22. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.043. Epub 2005 Nov 15.
Until now, water quality monitoring has relied heavily on spot sampling followed by instrumental analytical measurements to determine pollutant concentrations. Despite a number of advantages, this procedure has considerable limitations in terms of (i) temporal and spatial resolution that may be achieved at reasonable cost, and (ii) the information on bioavailability that may be obtained. Successful implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) across EU member states will require the establishment and use of emerging and low-cost tools as part of monitoring programmes. These techniques may complement monitoring already in place by providing additional information with the aim to obtain a more representative picture of the quality of a water body. This article considers the limitations associated with current monitoring practice and presents, in the form of a review, emerging biological and chemical monitoring tools that may become part of a 'toolbox' of techniques for use by those in charge of assessing water quality. Biological monitoring techniques include biomarkers, biosensors, biological early warning systems and whole-organism bioassays. Sampling and analytical tools developed for chemical assessment comprise biosensors, immunoassays, passive samplers, and sensors. Descriptions of these devices and a discussion of their suitability for different types of monitoring detailing advantages and limitations are presented. Finally, quality assurance and quality control or method validation issues are summarised.
到目前为止，水质监测在很大程度上依赖于现场采样，随后进行仪器分析测量以确定污染物浓度。尽管有许多优点，但该程序在以下方面存在相当大的局限性：（i）以合理成本可实现的时间和空间分辨率，以及（ii）可获得的生物可利用性信息。要在欧盟成员国成功实施《水框架指令》（2000/60/EC），将需要建立和使用新兴的低成本工具作为监测计划的一部分。这些技术可以通过提供额外信息来补充现有的监测，旨在更全面地了解水体质量。本文考虑了当前监测实践的局限性，并以综述的形式介绍了新兴的生物和化学监测工具，这些工具可能会成为负责评估水质的人员所使用的技术“工具箱”的一部分。生物监测技术包括生物标志物、生物传感器、生物早期预警系统和全生物体生物测定。为化学评估开发的采样和分析工具包括生物传感器、免疫测定、被动采样器和传感器。文中介绍了这些设备，并详细讨论了它们对不同类型监测的适用性，阐述了其优点和局限性。最后，总结了质量保证、质量控制或方法验证问题。
