Zalloua Pierre A, Platt Daniel E, El Sibai Mirvat, Khalife Jade, Makhoul Nadine, Haber Marc, Xue Yali, Izaabel Hassan, Bosch Elena, Adams Susan M, Arroyo Eduardo, López-Parra Ana María, Aler Mercedes, Picornell Antònia, Ramon Misericordia, Jobling Mark A, Comas David, Bertranpetit Jaume, Wells R Spencer, Tyler-Smith Chris
Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Nov;83(5):633-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. Epub 2008 Oct 30.
The Phoenicians were the dominant traders in the Mediterranean Sea two thousand to three thousand years ago and expanded from their homeland in the Levant to establish colonies and trading posts throughout the Mediterranean, but then they disappeared from history. We wished to identify their male genetic traces in modern populations. Therefore, we chose Phoenician-influenced sites on the basis of well-documented historical records and collected new Y-chromosomal data from 1330 men from six such sites, as well as comparative data from the literature. We then developed an analytical strategy to distinguish between lineages specifically associated with the Phoenicians and those spread by geographically similar but historically distinct events, such as the Neolithic, Greek, and Jewish expansions. This involved comparing historically documented Phoenician sites with neighboring non-Phoenician sites for the identification of weak but systematic signatures shared by the Phoenician sites that could not readily be explained by chance or by other expansions. From these comparisons, we found that haplogroup J2, in general, and six Y-STR haplotypes, in particular, exhibited a Phoenician signature that contributed > 6% to the modern Phoenician-influenced populations examined. Our methodology can be applied to any historically documented expansion in which contact and noncontact sites can be identified.
两三千年前，腓尼基人是地中海地区的主要贸易商，他们从黎凡特的家园向外扩张，在地中海各地建立殖民地和贸易站，但后来却从历史上消失了。我们希望在现代人群中找到他们男性的基因踪迹。因此，我们根据详实的历史记录选择了受腓尼基人影响的地点，并从六个这样的地点的1330名男性中收集了新的Y染色体数据，以及文献中的比较数据。然后，我们制定了一种分析策略，以区分与腓尼基人特别相关的谱系和那些由地理上相似但历史上不同的事件传播的谱系，如新石器时代、希腊和犹太的扩张。这包括将有历史记载的腓尼基遗址与邻近的非腓尼基遗址进行比较，以识别腓尼基遗址共有的微弱但系统的特征，这些特征不太可能是偶然或其他扩张所导致的。通过这些比较，我们发现，一般来说，单倍群J2，特别是六种Y-STR单倍型，呈现出一种腓尼基特征，在受腓尼基影响的现代人群中占比超过6%。我们的方法可以应用于任何有历史记载的扩张，只要能识别出接触和非接触地点。
