Parr Lisa A, Heintz Matthew, Pradhan Gauri
Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329.
J Comp Psychol. 2008 Nov;122(4):390-402. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.390.
Faces are salient stimuli for primates that rely predominantly on visual cues for recognizing conspecifics and maintaining social relationships. While previous studies have shown similar face discrimination processes in chimpanzees and humans, data from monkeys are unclear. Therefore, three studies examined face processing in rhesus monkeys using the face inversion effect, a fractured face task, and an individual recognition task. Unlike chimpanzees and humans, the monkeys showed a general face inversion effect reflected by significantly better performance on upright compared to inverted faces (conspecifics, human and chimpanzees faces) regardless of the subjects' expertise with those categories. Fracturing faces alters first- and second-order configural manipulations whereas previous studies in chimpanzees showed selective deficits for second-order configural manipulations. Finally, when required to individuate conspecific's faces, i.e., matching two different photographs of the same conspecific, monkeys showed poor discrimination and repeated training. These results support evolutionary differences between rhesus monkeys and Hominoids in the importance of configural cues and their ability to individuate conspecifics' faces, suggesting a lack of face expertise in rhesus monkeys.
面孔是灵长类动物的显著刺激物，它们主要依靠视觉线索来识别同种个体并维持社会关系。虽然先前的研究表明黑猩猩和人类存在相似的面孔辨别过程，但猴子的数据尚不清楚。因此，三项研究使用面孔倒置效应、破碎面孔任务和个体识别任务，对恒河猴的面孔加工进行了研究。与黑猩猩和人类不同，猴子表现出一种普遍的面孔倒置效应，即无论受试者对这些类别是否熟悉，与倒置面孔（同种个体、人类和黑猩猩面孔）相比，正立面孔的表现明显更好。破碎面孔会改变一阶和二阶构型操作，而先前对黑猩猩的研究表明二阶构型操作存在选择性缺陷。最后，当需要区分同种个体的面孔时，即匹配同一只同种个体的两张不同照片时，猴子的辨别能力较差且需要反复训练。这些结果支持了恒河猴与类人猿在构型线索的重要性及其区分同种个体面孔的能力方面存在进化差异，这表明恒河猴缺乏面孔识别能力。
