Leahy Kathleen E, Birch Leann L, Rolls Barbara J
Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1459-68. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26522.
The energy density (ED) of an entrée affects children's energy intake at a meal consumed ad libitum. However, the effects in children of changing the ED of meals over multiple days are unknown.
We aimed to test the effect of reducing the ED of multiple meals on the ad libitum energy intake of preschool-age children over 2 d.
In this crossover study, 3- to 5-y-old children (n = 10 boys, 16 girls) were served manipulated breakfasts, lunches, and afternoon snacks 2 d/wk for 2 wk. Foods and beverages served at these meals during 1 wk were lower in ED than were those served during the other week. ED reductions were achieved by decreasing fat and sugar and by increasing fruit and vegetables. Dinner and an evening snack were sent home with children, but these meals did not vary in ED. The same 2-d menu was served in both conditions.
Children consumed a consistent weight of foods and beverages over 2 d in both conditions, and therefore their energy consumption declined by 389 +/- 72 kcal (14%) in the lower-ED condition, a significant decrease (P < 0.0001). Differences in energy intake were significant at breakfast on day 1, and they accumulated at manipulated meals over 2 d (P < 0.01). Intake of the nonmanipulated meals was similar between conditions.
Children's energy intake is influenced by the ED of foods and beverages served over multiple days. These results strengthen the evidence that reducing the ED of the diet is an effective strategy for moderating children's energy intake.
一份主餐的能量密度（ED）会影响儿童随意进食时一餐的能量摄入量。然而，连续多日改变餐食能量密度对儿童的影响尚不清楚。
我们旨在测试连续2天降低多餐的能量密度对学龄前儿童随意能量摄入量的影响。
在这项交叉研究中，3至5岁的儿童（10名男孩，16名女孩）每周2天，连续2周接受调整后的早餐、午餐和下午点心。其中一周这些餐食提供的食物和饮料的能量密度低于另一周。通过减少脂肪和糖以及增加水果和蔬菜来降低能量密度。晚餐和晚间小吃会发给孩子们带回家，但这些餐食的能量密度没有变化。两种情况下提供的是相同的两日菜单。
在两种情况下，儿童在2天内摄入的食物和饮料重量一致，因此在低能量密度情况下，他们的能量消耗减少了389±72千卡（14%），这是一个显著的下降（P<0.0001）。第1天早餐时能量摄入量的差异显著，并且在2天内的调整餐中累积（P<0.01）。两种情况下未调整餐食的摄入量相似。
儿童的能量摄入受连续多日提供的食物和饮料的能量密度影响。这些结果进一步证明，降低饮食的能量密度是控制儿童能量摄入的有效策略。
