de Roda Husman A M, Lodder W J, Rutjes S A, Schijven J F, Teunis P F M
Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology at the Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Feb;75(4):1050-7. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01750-08. Epub 2008 Dec 12.
Since the transmission of pathogenic viruses via water is indistinguishable from the transmission via other routes and since the levels in drinking water, although significant for health, may be too low for detection, quantitative viral risk assessment is a useful tool for assessing disease risk due to consumption of drinking water. Quantitative viral risk assessment requires information concerning the ability of viruses detected in drinking water to infect their host. To obtain insight into the infectivity of viruses in relation to the presence of virus genomes, inactivation of three different enteroviruses in artificial ground and surface waters under different controlled pH, temperature, and salt conditions was studied by using both PCR and cell culture over time. In salt-peptone medium, the estimated ratio of RNA genomes to infectious poliovirus 1 in freshly prepared suspensions was about 10(0). At 4 degrees C this ratio was 10(3) after 600 days, and at 22 degrees C it was 10(4) after 200 days. For poliovirus 1 and 2 the RNA/infectious virus ratio was higher in artificial groundwater than in artificial surface water, but this was not the case for coxsackievirus B4. When molecular detection is used for virus enumeration, it is important that the fraction of infectious virus (based on all virus genomes detected) decays with time, especially at temperatures near 22 degrees C.
由于致病病毒通过水传播与通过其他途径传播难以区分，而且饮用水中的病毒含量尽管对健康有重大影响，但可能低至无法检测，因此定量病毒风险评估是评估因饮用饮用水而导致疾病风险的有用工具。定量病毒风险评估需要有关饮用水中检测到的病毒感染其宿主能力的信息。为了深入了解与病毒基因组存在相关的病毒感染性，通过随时间使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和细胞培养，研究了在不同控制的pH、温度和盐条件下，三种不同肠道病毒在人工地下水和地表水中的灭活情况。在盐蛋白胨培养基中，新鲜制备的悬浮液中RNA基因组与感染性脊髓灰质炎病毒1的估计比例约为10(0)。在4摄氏度下，600天后该比例为10(3)，在22摄氏度下，200天后为10(4)。对于脊髓灰质炎病毒1和2，人工地下水中的RNA/感染性病毒比例高于人工地表水中的，但柯萨奇病毒B4并非如此。当使用分子检测进行病毒计数时，重要的是感染性病毒部分（基于所有检测到的病毒基因组）会随时间衰减，尤其是在接近22摄氏度的温度下。
