Guimarães Laura, Gravato Carlos, Santos Joana, Monteiro Luís S, Guilhermino Lúcia
CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Ecotoxicology. 2009 May;18(4):385-402. doi: 10.1007/s10646-008-0294-x. Epub 2009 Jan 3.
The aims of the present study were to compare the health status of yellow eels (Anguilla anguilla) developing in three estuaries of the NW Portuguese coast with different levels of pollution and their physiological responses to combined effects of environmental variation and pollution. For this, a field study was performed using a multi-parameter approach, including eels condition indexes and biomarkers, water quality variables and other environmental factors. Sixteen biological parameters were assessed, namely: hepatosomatic index (LSI), Fulton's condition index (K), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total glutathione (TG), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG, and the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sodium-potassium ATPase (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). Ten environmental factors were also measured in water: temperature, salinity, pH, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, silica, phenol and hardness. Globally, the biomarkers indicate exposure and toxic effects of pollutants on eels living in contaminated estuaries. The relationships between biological and environmental variables were assessed through redundancy analysis. K and LSI indexes, AChE and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, total glutathione levels and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, GR, and SOD where the factors most discriminating reference (Minho River estuary) from contaminated estuaries (Lima and Douro Rivers estuaries). Moreover, the most striking outcomes of pollutants exposure on biological responses were observed during winter, probably due to a joint effect of cold weather and pollution stress. Altogether, the results indicate that the development of eels in the polluted estuaries of Lima and Douro rivers is interfering with physiological functions determinant for their survival and performance. This may increase the mortality rates during the continental life-phase of the species and decrease the percentage of animals able to successfully complete their oceanic migration and, thus, reduce the contribution of each generation to the next one.
本研究的目的是比较在葡萄牙西北海岸三个污染程度不同的河口发育的黄鳝（欧洲鳗鲡）的健康状况，以及它们对环境变化和污染综合影响的生理反应。为此，采用多参数方法进行了一项实地研究，包括鳗鱼状况指数和生物标志物、水质变量及其他环境因素。评估了16个生物学参数，即：肝体指数（LSI）、富尔顿状况指数（K）、脂质过氧化（LPO）、总谷胱甘肽（TG）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）、GSH/GSSG，以及乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、钠钾ATP酶（Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase）、乙氧基异吩唑酮O-脱乙基酶（EROD）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性。还测量了水中的10个环境因素：温度、盐度、pH值、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵、二氧化硅、苯酚和硬度。总体而言，生物标志物表明污染物对生活在受污染河口的鳗鱼有暴露和毒性作用。通过冗余分析评估了生物学变量与环境变量之间的关系。K和LSI指数、AChE和Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase、总谷胱甘肽水平以及抗氧化酶CAT、GR和SOD是区分对照（米尼奥河河口）和受污染河口（利马河和杜罗河河口）的最主要因素。此外，在冬季观察到污染物暴露对生物反应的最显著影响，这可能是寒冷天气和污染压力共同作用的结果。总之，结果表明，利马河和杜罗河受污染河口的鳗鱼发育正在干扰对其生存和性能起决定作用的生理功能。这可能会增加该物种在大陆生活阶段的死亡率，并降低能够成功完成海洋洄游的动物比例，从而减少每一代对下一代的贡献。
